Exposure to indoor air pollution in a reconstructed house from the Danish Iron Age

Skov, Henrik; Christensen, C. S.; Fenger, J.; Essenbæk, Merete; Larsen, Dyveke; Sørensen, Lasse

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00075-3

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Food quantities were calculated according to the average nutrient requirements of one human (2750 kcal, FAO, ); daily firewood requirements were estimated from the figures provided by Bhatt and Sachan () and Skov et al . ().…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(2013) and Meerts (2002); the ratios of models 1 and 2 derive from Duffy (2010) and Tafuri et al (2009). Food quantities were calculated according to the average nutrient requirements of one human (2750( kcal, FAO, 2001; daily firewood requirements were estimated from the figures provided by Bhatt and Sachan (2004) and Skov et al (2000).…”

Section: Comparing the Results With Magnetic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our figures are based on estimations of Bhatt and Sachan () and Skov et al . () but are very ‘rough’. In order to obtain a better idea of the wood consumption larger amounts of archaeological sediment could be wet‐sieved to determine the charcoal content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Geophysical–Geochemical Reconstruction of Ancient Population Size – the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Fidvár (Slovakia)

Nowaczinski

Schukraft

Rassmann

et al. 2013

Archaeological Prospection

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Population estimates are a vital backdrop to our understanding of ancient societies' socio‐economic structures and development. In order to facilitate such an informational mise en scène in terms of the early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvár in southwestern Slovakia, a new geophysical–geochemical approach is presented here, the first results of which are very promising. The crux of the new methodology utilizes the population's chemical fingerprint in relation to total anthropogenic phosphorus input as a proxy for different population models. These methods suggest an early Bronze Age population of 300–600 individuals, in accordance with the comparative analysis of a magnetic survey, and also matches initial archaeological estimates. Further methodological adjustments suggest an even higher population of up to 1000 inhabitants. In light of these figures, it is likely that Fidvár was one of the centres of the early Bronze Age socio‐economic system of the northern Pannonian Basin. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Comparing the Results With Magnetic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Geophysical–Geochemical Reconstruction of Ancient Population Size – the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Fidvár (Slovakia)

Nowaczinski

Schukraft

Rassmann

et al. 2013

Archaeological Prospection

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“…As an example it has been shown (Skov et al 2000) that the indoor exposure to nitrogen oxides and organic compounds in a reconstructed Iron Age house must have been comparable to, or even higher than, that in a modern city. Similar observations have been made in present-day dwellings in the developing world (Smith 1988(Smith , 1993.…”

Section: Air Pollution Through the Agesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban‐Scale Air Pollution

Fenger¹

2003

Handbook of Atmospheric Science

Self Cite

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“…Skov et al. () conducted a winter experiment in a reconstructed Danish Iron Age house, and subsequently a series of winter experiments in two houses (Beck et al., ), where NO 2 and a number of VOCs, including benzene, were measured. Measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) or particulate matter (PM), however, were not reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household air pollution from wood burning in two reconstructed houses from the Danish Viking Age

Christensen

Ryhl-Svendsen

2014

Indoor Air

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During 13 winter weeks, an experimental archeology project was undertaken in two Danish reconstructed Viking Age houses with indoor open fireplaces. Volunteers inhabited the houses under living conditions similar to those of the Viking Age, including cooking and heating by wood fire. Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5 ) were measured at varying distances to the fireplace. Near the fireplaces CO (mean) was 16 ppm. PM2.5 (mean) was 3.40 mg/m(3) , however, measured in one house only. The CO:PM mass ratio was found to increase from 6.4 to 22 when increasing the distance to the fire. Two persons carried CO sensors. Average personal exposure was 6.9 ppm, and from this, a personal PM2.5 exposure of 0.41 mg/m(3) was estimated. The levels found here were higher than reported from modern studies conducted in dwellings using biomass for cooking and heating. While this may be due to the Viking house design, the volunteer's lack of training in attending a fire maybe also played a role. Even so, when comparing to today's issues arising from the use of open fires, it must be assumed that also during the Viking Age, the exposure to woodsmoke was a contributing factor to health problems.

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Exposure to indoor air pollution in a reconstructed house from the Danish Iron Age

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Geophysical–Geochemical Reconstruction of Ancient Population Size – the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Fidvár (Slovakia)

Geophysical–Geochemical Reconstruction of Ancient Population Size – the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Fidvár (Slovakia)

Urban‐Scale Air Pollution

Household air pollution from wood burning in two reconstructed houses from the Danish Viking Age

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