Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program

Choi, Giehae; Kuiper, Jordan R.; Bennett, Deborah H.; Barrett, Emily S.; Bastain, Theresa M.; Breton, Carrie V.; Chinthakindi, Sridhar; Dunlop, Anne L.; Farzan, Shohreh F.; Herbstman, Julie B.; Marsit, Carmen J.; Meeker, John D.; Morello‐Frosch, Rachel; O’Connor, Thomas G.; Pellizzari, Edo D.; Romano, Megan E.; Sathyanarayana, Sheela; Schantz, Susan L.; Schmidt, Rebecca J.; Watkins, Deborah J.; Zhu, Hongkai; Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Buckley, Jessie P.; Woodruff, Tracey J.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135599

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Due to the technical limitations of UPLC-MS/MS, the detectable concentration of analyte was not considered to be zero even if the value was less than the corresponding LOD. The concentrations of MEL and its derivatives below the LOD values were replaced by the 1/√2 of LOD [ 26 ]. We measured the inner diameter and depth of each tableware item, which was used to calculate and estimate the volume (mL) of the simulant solution filled in the tableware during the migration tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of Melamine and Its Derivatives from Melamine/Bamboo/Wheat Straw-Made Tableware Purchased from Internet Markets or Retail Shops in China

Liu,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Toxics

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Objectives: The ecofriendly and sustainable concept of bamboo- and wheat straw-made tableware has gained attention in recent years. However, it is necessary to note that these kinds of tableware are composed of melamine (MEL)–formaldehyde resin with the addition of bamboo fibers or wheat straw. This study aims to explore the potential migration of MEL and its derivatives from the tableware and conduct a risk assessment. Methods: The study involved 46 bowls or cups purchased from Internet markets or retail shops in China, whose raw materials included MEL, bamboo, and wheat straw. There were four pieces of glass- or ceramic-made tableware used as the control group. Migration testing was performed according to the test conditions selected from the European Union Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials. Considering the realistic worst-case scenario, we measured the concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in food simulants using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and estimated the exposure risks for adults and 1-year-old infants. Results: MEL and its derivatives could migrate from MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware with varying concentrations. The total migration was ranked as follows: bamboo-made tableware > MEL-made tableware > wheat straw-made tableware > glass- or ceramic-made tableware (p < 0.001). The primary contributor to the total concentration for MEL- and bamboo-made tableware was MEL, whereas cyanuric acid (CYA) was the main contributor for wheat straw-made tableware. Based on the total concentration of MEL and its derivatives and the strictest TDI value, the proportions of the calculated hazard quotient ≥1 for MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware in adults were 53.50%, 92.30%, and 1.90%; and the proportions in 1-year-old infants increased to 86.00%, 100.00%, and 7.40%. Conclusion: The utilization of MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware could be regarded as a significant source of human exposure to MEL and its derivatives. It is advisable for both adults and infants to refrain from using tableware manufactured with MEL and bamboo fiber, as it may increase the susceptibility to MEL-related diseases.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of Melamine and Its Derivatives from Melamine/Bamboo/Wheat Straw-Made Tableware Purchased from Internet Markets or Retail Shops in China

Liu,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Toxics

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“…Numerous pieces of evidence together indicate that melamine is adversely affecting the ecosystem and human health. In recent years, the occurrence of melamine has been reported in various environmental media, − plants, animals, − and humans. − Moreover, the highest concentration of melamine in sewage treatment plants (STPs) ever recorded in the world was reported in China. , Due to its high detection rates (33–91%) and concentrations (>1 μg/L) in the water environment, which exceed those of most other PMT/vPvM substances, melamine is increasingly recognized as a critical pollutant of drinking water sources. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Source Distribution and Emission Inventory of a Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) Substance, Melamine, in China

Zhang,

Chen,

Wang

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) substances are affecting the safety of drinking water and are threatening the environment and human health. Many PMT substances are used in industrial processing or consumer products, but their sources and emissions mostly remain unclear. This study presents a long-term source distribution and emission estimation of melamine, a high-production-volume PMT substance of emerging global concern. The results indicate that in China, approximately 1858.7 kilotonnes (kt) of melamine were released into the water (∼58.9%), air (∼27.0%), and soil systems (∼14.1%) between 1995 and 2020, mainly from its production and use in the decorative panels, textiles, and paper industries. The textile and paper industries have the highest emission-to-consumption ratios, with more than 90% emissions per unit consumption. Sewage treatment plants are the largest source of melamine in the environment for the time being, but in-use products and their wastes will serve as significant melamine sources in the future. The study prompts priority action to control the risk of PMT substances internationally.

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Advancing Understanding of Chemical Exposures and Maternal-child Health Through the U.S. Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program: A Scoping Review

Barrett,

Ames,

Eick

et al. 2024

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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Purpose of Review Environmental chemical exposures may disrupt child development, with long-lasting health impacts. To date, U.S. studies of early environmental exposures have been limited in size and diversity, hindering power and generalizability. With harmonized data from over 60,000 participants representing 69 pregnancy cohorts, the National Institutes of Health’s Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program is the largest study of U.S. children’s health. Here, we: (1) review ECHO-wide studies of chemical exposures and maternal-child health; and (2) outline opportunities for future research using ECHO data. Recent Findings As of early 2024, in addition to over 200 single-cohort (or award) papers on chemical exposures supported by ECHO, ten collaborative multi-cohort papers have been made possible by ECHO data harmonization and new data collection. Multi-cohort papers have examined prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalates, phenols and parabens, organophosphate esters (OPEs), metals, melamine and aromatic amines, and emerging contaminants. They have primarily focused on describing patterns of maternal exposure or examining associations with maternal and infant outcomes; fewer studies have examined later child outcomes (e.g., autism) although follow up of enrolled ECHO children continues. The NICHD’s Data and Specimen Hub (DASH) database houses extensive ECHO data including over 470,000 chemical assay results and complementary data on priority outcome areas (pre, peri-, and postnatal, airway, obesity, neurodevelopment, and positive health), making it a rich resource for future analyses. Summary ECHO’s extensive data repository, including biomarkers of chemical exposures, can be used to advance our understanding of environmental influences on children’s health. Although few published studies have capitalized on these unique harmonized data to date, many analyses are underway with data now widely available.

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Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Migration of Melamine and Its Derivatives from Melamine/Bamboo/Wheat Straw-Made Tableware Purchased from Internet Markets or Retail Shops in China

Migration of Melamine and Its Derivatives from Melamine/Bamboo/Wheat Straw-Made Tableware Purchased from Internet Markets or Retail Shops in China

Dynamic Source Distribution and Emission Inventory of a Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) Substance, Melamine, in China

Advancing Understanding of Chemical Exposures and Maternal-child Health Through the U.S. Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program: A Scoping Review

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