Abstract:Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with microorganisms and contain special traits in nitrogen assimilation and associated processes. Recently, we have reported a novel WRKY-related protein (GmWRP1) and a new clade of Exo70 proteins (GmExo70J) from soybean with homologs found only in legumes. GmWRP1 and some of the GmExo70J proteins are localized to Golgi apparatus through a novel N-terminal transmembrane domain. Here, we report further analysis of expression and functions of the novel GmWRP1 an… Show more
“…3 ). We have recently reported that at its N-terminus, GmWRKY167 contains a Golgi-targeting transmembrane domain that is identified only in proteins from legumes 31 , 32 . Figure 3 Identification of soybean WRKY variants.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, novel WRKY proteins that contain not only WRKY domains but also other structural domains such as kinase, RIR-LRR have also been identified 1 . In soybean, GmWRKY167 contains a WRKY domain and an N-terminal Golgi-targeting transmembrane domain that is identified only in proteins from legumes 31 , 32 . The highly conserved WRKYGQK signature sequence of GmWRKY167 was changed into WRKYEDK and the recombinant GmWRKY167 protein has no binding activity for W-box sequences 31 , 32 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In soybean, GmWRKY167 contains a WRKY domain and an N-terminal Golgi-targeting transmembrane domain that is identified only in proteins from legumes 31 , 32 . The highly conserved WRKYGQK signature sequence of GmWRKY167 was changed into WRKYEDK and the recombinant GmWRKY167 protein has no binding activity for W-box sequences 31 , 32 . Furthermore, silencing of GmWRKY167 resulted in premature leaf senescence and reduction in nodule formation 31 , 32 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The highly conserved WRKYGQK signature sequence of GmWRKY167 was changed into WRKYEDK and the recombinant GmWRKY167 protein has no binding activity for W-box sequences 31 , 32 . Furthermore, silencing of GmWRKY167 resulted in premature leaf senescence and reduction in nodule formation 31 , 32 . These findings support that structural modifications of duplicated soybean WRKY genes could lead to their functional diversification.…”
WRKY proteins are a superfamily of plant transcription factors with important roles in plants. WRKY proteins have been extensively analyzed in plant species including Arabidopsis and rice. Here we report characterization of soybean WRKY gene family and their functional analysis in resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), the most important soybean pathogen. Through search of the soybean genome, we identified 174 genes encoding WRKY proteins that can be classified into seven groups as established in other plants. WRKY variants including a WRKY-related protein unique to legumes have also been identified. Expression analysis reveals both diverse expression patterns in different soybean tissues and preferential expression of specific WRKY groups in certain tissues. Furthermore, a large number of soybean WRKY genes were responsive to salicylic acid. To identify soybean WRKY genes that promote soybean resistance to SCN, we first screened soybean WRKY genes for enhancing SCN resistance when over-expressed in transgenic soybean hairy roots. To confirm the results, we transformed five WRKY genes into a SCN-susceptible soybean cultivar and generated transgenic soybean lines. Transgenic soybean lines overexpressing three WRKY transgenes displayed increased resistance to SCN. Thus, WRKY genes could be explored to develop new soybean cultivars with enhanced resistance to SCN.
“…3 ). We have recently reported that at its N-terminus, GmWRKY167 contains a Golgi-targeting transmembrane domain that is identified only in proteins from legumes 31 , 32 . Figure 3 Identification of soybean WRKY variants.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, novel WRKY proteins that contain not only WRKY domains but also other structural domains such as kinase, RIR-LRR have also been identified 1 . In soybean, GmWRKY167 contains a WRKY domain and an N-terminal Golgi-targeting transmembrane domain that is identified only in proteins from legumes 31 , 32 . The highly conserved WRKYGQK signature sequence of GmWRKY167 was changed into WRKYEDK and the recombinant GmWRKY167 protein has no binding activity for W-box sequences 31 , 32 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In soybean, GmWRKY167 contains a WRKY domain and an N-terminal Golgi-targeting transmembrane domain that is identified only in proteins from legumes 31 , 32 . The highly conserved WRKYGQK signature sequence of GmWRKY167 was changed into WRKYEDK and the recombinant GmWRKY167 protein has no binding activity for W-box sequences 31 , 32 . Furthermore, silencing of GmWRKY167 resulted in premature leaf senescence and reduction in nodule formation 31 , 32 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The highly conserved WRKYGQK signature sequence of GmWRKY167 was changed into WRKYEDK and the recombinant GmWRKY167 protein has no binding activity for W-box sequences 31 , 32 . Furthermore, silencing of GmWRKY167 resulted in premature leaf senescence and reduction in nodule formation 31 , 32 . These findings support that structural modifications of duplicated soybean WRKY genes could lead to their functional diversification.…”
WRKY proteins are a superfamily of plant transcription factors with important roles in plants. WRKY proteins have been extensively analyzed in plant species including Arabidopsis and rice. Here we report characterization of soybean WRKY gene family and their functional analysis in resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), the most important soybean pathogen. Through search of the soybean genome, we identified 174 genes encoding WRKY proteins that can be classified into seven groups as established in other plants. WRKY variants including a WRKY-related protein unique to legumes have also been identified. Expression analysis reveals both diverse expression patterns in different soybean tissues and preferential expression of specific WRKY groups in certain tissues. Furthermore, a large number of soybean WRKY genes were responsive to salicylic acid. To identify soybean WRKY genes that promote soybean resistance to SCN, we first screened soybean WRKY genes for enhancing SCN resistance when over-expressed in transgenic soybean hairy roots. To confirm the results, we transformed five WRKY genes into a SCN-susceptible soybean cultivar and generated transgenic soybean lines. Transgenic soybean lines overexpressing three WRKY transgenes displayed increased resistance to SCN. Thus, WRKY genes could be explored to develop new soybean cultivars with enhanced resistance to SCN.
“…However, ACC oxidase was increased under both stresses. These findings indicate that SAMs have key role in ethylene biosynthesis in soybean [194]. A quantitative proteomics study has been conducted for the better understanding of flooding responsive mechanisms using flooding-tolerant mutant and abscisic acid (ABA)-treated soybean.…”
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most important legume and oilseed crop. As a leguminous crop, it plays an irreplaceable role towards the sustainable agricultural system with biological nitrogen fixation. However, its production can be dramatically decreased by the occurrence of water stress. Water stress including drought and flooding induces the morpho-physiological and biochemical changes at different growth stages, which negatively affects the adaptability and yield of soybean. Genetic diversity that ensures productivity in challenging environment exists within germplasm, their wild relatives and species that are adapted to the water stress. The discovery of gene mapping, QTLs associated with root traits, slow canopy wilting, nitrogen fixation and flooding tolerance have accomplished significant progress in breeding programs. Identification of drought-responsive genes and transcription factors such as WRKY, DREBs, ERFs, ZIP, ZFP, MYB and NAC are valuable to ameliorate the water stress in soybean. Understanding the genetic mechanism using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches would be the ultimate choice for mitigating the water stress. Integration of well-designed soybean breeding program coupled with omic techniques would pave the way for developing drought and flooding resilient soybean cultivars.Due to the rapid rise in the commercial value of soybean in an international market, the total area under soybean cultivation has been increasing from last three decades. Soybean is an important cash crop with a total production of over 313.05 million metric tons in 2015-2016 (USDA data). During this year, the USA has been the world's leading producer of soybean representing 35% of the world production, followed by Brazil with 31%, Argentina with 17%, China with 4%, India with 3%, Paraguay with 3% and Canada with 2% (USDA data).Water stress including drought and flooding is considered as a major threat, limiting growth and yield of plants [5,6]. Drought is caused by insufficient rainfall or irrigation which results in soil drying, whereas, in flooding, water exists in soil solution causing water logging and submergence. In response to drought and flooding stress, 40-60% yield losses have been reported in soybean [7,8]. High temperature, low humidity in atmosphere and water deficiency are the main causes of drought [9,10]. Drought stress affects germination rate and early seedling growth of the plant [11,12]. Under water deficit conditions, a significant reduction in germination, hypocotyl length, root and shoot fresh and dry weight were observed whereas the root length is increased [13]. It also affects the carbon assimilation and phenology of the plant [10]. Prolonged drought stress at different growth stages has profound effect on soybean growth and yield [14].To counteract the adverse effects of drought, the soybean plant adopts three mechanisms i.e. escape, tolerance, and avoidance [15]. In the escape mechanism, the plant completes its life cycle before the onset of drought. Normally, the plants complete their...
Autophagy is a genetically regulated, eukaryotic catabolic pathway that responds to internal and external cellular signals. In plants, it plays crucial roles in development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Due to its role in limiting the hypersensitive response, research on the molecular mechanisms of autophagic signalling pathways in plant–microbe interactions has primarily focused on plant–pathogen responses. Although there is substantially less information on the role of autophagy signalling in symbiotic plant–microbe interactions, there is accumulating evidence that it is also a key regulator of mutualistic plant–microbe interactions. Here, we review recent progress on the roles of autophagy in symbiotic plant interactions and discuss potential future research directions. Once understood, the central role that autophagy plays within pathogenic and symbiotic plant–microbe interactions has significant potential application for crop improvement. Manipulating autophagy in legume crops could help support crop growth with reduced levels of fertiliser application while maintaining yields with increased protein content in the harvest.
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