Molting in crustaceans is controlled by molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and ecdysteroids. It is presumed that MIH inhibits the synthesis and the secretion of ecdysteroids by the Y-organ, resulting in molt suppression. The amino acid sequence of MIH is similar to that of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), and therefore, they form a peptide family referred to as the CHH family. Most of the CHH family peptides show no cross-activity, whereas a few peptides show multiple hormonal activities. To reveal the structural basis of this functional specificity, we determined the solution structure of MIH from the Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus and compared the solution structure of MIH with a homology-modeled structure of M. japonicus CHH. The solution structure of MIH consisted of five ␣-helices and no -structures, constituting a novel structural motif. The homology-modeled structure of M. japonicus CHH was very similar to the solution structure of MIH with the exception of the absence of the N-terminal ␣-helix and the C-terminal tail, which were sterically close to each other. The surface properties of MIH around this region were quite different from those of CHH. These results strongly suggest that this region is a functionally important site for conferring molt-inhibiting activity.Molting is one of the most significant processes occurring during the arthropod life cycle and is triggered by a molting hormone, ecdysteroids. In crustaceans, it is presumed that the synthesis and the secretion of ecdysteroids by the Y-organ are suppressed by molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) 1 (1). MIH is produced by the X-organ and released from the sinus gland located in the eyestalk. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), gonad-inhibiting hormone, and mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone are also synthesized in and released from the X-organ/sinus gland complex. Most of these peptides consist of 72-78 amino acid residues and exhibit similar amino acid sequences. Therefore, these peptides form a peptide family referred to as the CHH family (2). The CHH family peptides commonly have six cysteine residues, which form three intramolecular disulfide bonds. Circular dichroism spectral analyses of some CHH family peptides demonstrated that they were rich in ␣-helices (3-5). However, there has so far been no report on the determination of the tertiary structure of any of the CHH family peptides.CHH family peptides show various biological activities: some peptides that suppress molting, increase hemolymph glucose levels, and suppress vitellogenesis in the ovary and others that suppress the synthesis of methyl farnesoate in the mandibular organ (2). In general, each CHH family peptide shows only one type of biological activity, although a few peptides show multiple hormonal activities. For instance, CHH from the American lobster Homarus americanus also exhibits molt-inhibiting activity (6), and mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone from the spider crab Libinia emarginata exhibits hyperglycemic activity (7).To reveal the structural basis of the fu...