Expression of AMH in Female Fetal Intersex Gonads in the Bovine

Cabianca, G.; Rota, Ada; Cozzi, Bruno; Ballarin, Cristina

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00713.x

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This is essentially due to 2 different and sequential events: placental anastomosis occurring at 20-25 days of embryonic life, and sex differentiation occurring later (40-45 days) in cattle [Ruvinsky and Spicer, 1999]. This means that even if few male cells are present, the presence of male hormones, in particular AMH, affect internal sex female development [Ruvinsky and Spicer, 1999;Cabianca et al, 2007]. For this same reason, male freemartins are less exposed to sex damage, although some cases with reduced fertility have also been reported in freemartin males [Dunn et al, 1979;Gustavsson, 1980;Bongso et al, 1981;Seguin et al, 2000].…”

Section: Xx/xy Chimerismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical and Molecular Cytogenetics of Disorders of Sex Development in Domestic Animals

Villagómez

Parma

Radi

et al. 2009

Cytogenet Genome Res

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The association of abnormal chromosome constitutions and disorders of sex development in domestic animals has been recorded since the beginnings of conventional cytogenetic analysis. Deviated karyotypes consisting of abnormal sex chromosome sets (e.g. aneuploidy) and/or the coexistence of cells with different sex chromosome constitutions (e.g. mosaicism or chimerism) in an individual seem to be the main causes of anomalies of sex determination and sex differentiation. Molecular cytogenetics and genetics have increased our understanding of these pathologies, where human and mouse models have provided a substantial amount of knowledge, leading to the discovery of a number of genes implicated in mammalian sex determination and differentiation. Additionally, other genes, which appeared to be involved in ovary differentiation, have been found by investigations in domestic species such as the goat. In this paper, we present an overview of the biology of mammalian sex development as a scientific background for better understanding the body of knowledge of the clinical cytogenetics of disorders of sex development in domestic animals. An attempt to summarize of what has been described in that particular subject of veterinary medicine for each of the main mammalian domestic species is presented here.

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Section: Xx/xy Chimerismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical and Molecular Cytogenetics of Disorders of Sex Development in Domestic Animals

Villagómez

Parma

Radi

et al. 2009

Cytogenet Genome Res

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“…Moreover, Echternkamp and Gregory [2002] suggested that it was not possible for single-born freemartins to occur. Generally, freemartins show progesterone levels <0.4 ng/ml [Cabianca et al, 2007]. In our case the level was higher (1.9 ng/ml), and the heifer was pregnant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…They possess bipotential genital ridges, Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, a urogenital sinus, a genital tubercle, and genital swellings [Lyle, 2007]. In XY embryos, Leydig cells within the testis secrete testosterone which promotes differentiation of the Wolffian duct into epididymis and vas deferens, whereas pre-Sertoli cells produce anti-Müllerian hormone (also called MIS for Müllerian inhibition substance) responsible for the degradation of the Müllerian ducts [Cabianca et al, 2007]. In XX individuals, the absence of testosterone and therefore dihydrotestosterone and MIS allows for the development of female internal and external genitalia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Very Rare Clinical Case of a Holstein Heifer with Two Vulvae and a Scrotum

Bresciani

Parma

Lorenzi

et al. 2015

Sex Dev

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The physical and gynecological examination of a Holstein heifer single-born with a disorder of sexual development showed anatomical abnormalities such as the presence of a scrotum and 2 vulvae and an anal sphincter that was positioned on the right side of the body. Also, an early pregnancy was diagnosed. Cytogenetic and hormone analysis was requested, and the animal showed normal female metaphases (60,XX) and hormonal profiles. However, in gross anatomy and histological examinations, a structure compatible with a penis, the absence of a uterine body, 2 exophytic structures, and a septum in the vagina were detected.

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“…Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique to quantify both serum and gonadal levels of AMH, Vigier et al [1984] showed that the regression of Müllerian ducts in freemartins is most likely induced by the AMH that is produced by the testes of the male twin. The capacity of some freemartin gonads to produce AMH has been demonstrated immunohistochemically by Cabianca et al [2007]. These authors showed that a few grouped cells located near testis cord-like structures were immunoreactive against a specific AMH antibody ( fig.…”

Section: Freemartinism In Bovids and Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Exceptions to Normal Gonad Development in Mammals

Jiménez

Barrionuevo²,

Burgos³

2012

Sex Dev

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Gonads are the only organs with 2 possible developmental pathways, testis or ovary. A consequence of this unique feature is that mutations in genes controlling gonad development give rise not only to gonadal malformation or dysfunction but also to frequent cases of sex reversal, including XY females, XX males and intersexes. Most of our current knowledge on mammalian sex determination, the genetic process by which the gonadal primordia are committed to differentiate as either testes or ovaries, has derived mainly from the study of sex-reversed mice obtained by direct genetic manipulation. However, there are also numerous cases of natural exceptions to normal gonad development which have been described in a variety of mammals, including both domestic and wild species. Here, we review the most relevant cases of: (1) natural, non-induced sex reversal and intersexuality described in laboratory rodents, including Sxr and B6-Y^DOM mice; (2) sex reversal in domestic animals, including freemartinism in bovids and pigs, XX sex reversal in pigs, goats and dogs, XY sex reversal in the horse, and sex chromosome chimerism and sex reversal in the cat, and (3) sex reversal in wild mammals, including the generalised true hermaphroditism described in talpid moles, XY sex reversal in Akodon, Microtus and Dicrostonyx species, males lacking a Y chromosome and SRY in Ellobius lutescens, the X* chromosome of Myopus schisticolor, and sex chromosome mosaicism and X0 females in Microtus oregoni. These studies are necessary to elucidate particular aspects of mammalian gonad development in some instances and to understand how the genetic mechanisms controlling gonad development have evolved.

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Expression of AMH in Female Fetal Intersex Gonads in the Bovine

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Classical and Molecular Cytogenetics of Disorders of Sex Development in Domestic Animals

Classical and Molecular Cytogenetics of Disorders of Sex Development in Domestic Animals

A Very Rare Clinical Case of a Holstein Heifer with Two Vulvae and a Scrotum

Natural Exceptions to Normal Gonad Development in Mammals

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