Expression of ghrelin in human salivary glands and its levels in saliva and serum in Chinese obese children and adolescents

Li, Binbin; Chen, Zhibin; Li, Bo-Chun; Lin, Qiang; Li, Xiaoxin; Li, Shenglin; Ding, Chong; Wu, Li‐Ling; Yu, Guang‐Yan

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.10.014

Cited by 29 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This has suggested the use of saliva as a valuable patient sample instead of blood, as saliva sampling is easy to perform, quick, and noninvasive technique [24–26]. In line with previously reported studies [16, 17, 27], our data showed a positive correlation between blood and salivary ghrelin in healthy people. However, we reported here a direct effect of smoking on salivary ghrelin independent of that in blood.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Ghrelin administration induces appetite, food intake, and weight gain in humans [14, 15]. Apart from systemic secretion, ghrelin is found to be produced and released by cells of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands [16, 17] as well as taste bud cells [18]. The exact function of ghrelin present in saliva requires further investigations; however, this salivary secretion suggests a direct modulatory role of ghrelin on taste bud cells signaling and function that might lead to the enhancement of food taste and appetite for food ingestion [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute One-Cigarette Smoking Decreases Ghrelin Hormone in Saliva: A Pilot Study

Kaabi

Khalifa²

2014

International Journal of Endocrinology

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Cigarette smoking is commonly associated with weight loss and mechanisms for these weight changes are still elusive. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that works in a neuroendocrine fashion to stimulate hunger and the desire for food intake. Ghrelin is also secreted in saliva, probably to enhance food taste. In the current study, we tested the direct impact of acute cigarette smoking on total ghrelin found in saliva. Methods. Blood and saliva samples were collected from 30 healthy nonsmoker male volunteers before and after one-cigarette smoke. Total ghrelin in serum and saliva was measured by ELISA based method. Results. Data showed a statistically significant reduction in salivary ghrelin after smoking (P < 0.0001). In serum, total ghrelin levels were not affected before and after smoking (P = 0.1362). Additionally, positive correlation was observed between serum and salivary ghrelin before smoking (r = 0.4143 and P = 0.0158); however, this correlation was lost after smoking (r = 0.1147 and P = 0.5461). Conclusion. Acute one-cigarette smoking can negatively affect ghrelin levels in saliva that might contribute to the dull food taste in smokers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute One-Cigarette Smoking Decreases Ghrelin Hormone in Saliva: A Pilot Study

Kaabi

Khalifa²

2014

International Journal of Endocrinology

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“…We would speculate that ghrelin receptor antagonists do not alter taste, but rather, ghrelin manipulates alcohol drinking behaviors through neural mechanisms (Jerlhag et al, 2009) and as seen in human studies, perception of alcohol craving (Leggio et al, 2014). A few studies have shown that ghrelin is present in saliva (Groschl et al, 2005; Li et al, 2011) and may affect taste (Shin et al, 2010), but the effects of GHSR1a antagonists on taste need further examination. Food intake was not measured in experiment 2 due to a lack of ability and accuracy given the apparatus used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of ghrelin antagonists on alcohol drinking and reinforcement in mouse and rat models of alcohol dependence

et al. 2015

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An effort has been mounted to understand the mechanisms of alcohol dependence in a way that may allow for greater efficacy in treatment. It has long been suggested that drugs of abuse seize fundamental reward pathways and disrupt homeostasis to produce compulsive drug seeking behaviors. Ghrelin, an endogenous hormone that affects hunger state and release of growth hormone, has been shown to increased alcohol intake following administration, while antagonists decrease intake. Using rodent models of dependence, the current study examined the effects of two ghrelin receptor antagonists, [DLys3]-GHRP-6 (DLys) and JMV2959, on dependence-induced alcohol self-administration. In two experiments adult male C57BL/6J mice and Wistar rats were made dependent via intermittent ethanol vapor exposure. In another experiment, adult male C57BL/6J mice were made dependent using the intragastric alcohol consumption (IGAC) procedure. Ghrelin receptor antagonists were given prior to voluntary ethanol drinking. Ghrelin antagonists reduced ethanol intake, preference, and operant self-administration of ethanol and sucrose across these models, but did not decrease food consumption in mice. In experiments 1 and 2, voluntary drinking was reduced by ghrelin receptor antagonists, however this reduction did not persist across days. Despite the transient effects to ghrelin antagonists, the drugs had renewed effectiveness following a break in administration as seen in experiment 1. The results show the ghrelin system as a potential target for studies of alcohol abuse. Further research is needed to determine the central mechanisms of these drugs and their influence on addiction in order to design effective pharmacotherapies.

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“…Interestingly, gastrointestinal hormones known to play key roles in food intake and energy balance, like PYY and ghrelin, have been identified in human saliva [13], [14]. Analysis of salivary ghrelin levels in obese subjects undergoing body weight loss through bariatric surgery has demonstrated that there is an autonomous production of ghrelin in salivary glands, which is irrespective of nutritional status and weight loss [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocannabinoids Measurement in Human Saliva as Potential Biomarker of Obesity

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe discovery of the endocannabinoid system and of its role in the regulation of energy balance has significantly advanced our understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes. New knowledge on the role of this system in humans has been acquired by measuring blood endocannabinoids. Here we explored endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines in saliva and verified their changes in relation to body weight status and in response to a meal or to body weight loss.Methodology/Principal FindingsFasting plasma and salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines were measured through liquid mass spectrometry in 12 normal weight and 12 obese, insulin-resistant subjects. Salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines were evaluated in the same cohort before and after the consumption of a meal. Changes in salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines after body weight loss were investigated in a second group of 12 obese subjects following a 12-weeks lifestyle intervention program. The levels of mRNAs coding for enzymes regulating the metabolism of endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines and of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor, alongside endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines content, were assessed in human salivary glands.The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), and the N-acylethanolamines (oleoylethanolamide, OEA and palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) were quantifiable in saliva and their levels were significantly higher in obese than in normal weight subjects. Fasting salivary AEA and OEA directly correlated with BMI, waist circumference and fasting insulin. Salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines did not change in response to a meal. CB1 receptors, ligands and enzymes were expressed in the salivary glands. Finally, a body weight loss of 5.3% obtained after a 12-weeks lifestyle program significantly decreased salivary AEA levels.Conclusions/SignificanceEndocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines are quantifiable in saliva and their levels correlate with obesity but not with feeding status. Body weight loss significantly decreases salivary AEA, which might represent a useful biomarker in obesity.

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Expression of ghrelin in human salivary glands and its levels in saliva and serum in Chinese obese children and adolescents

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Acute One-Cigarette Smoking Decreases Ghrelin Hormone in Saliva: A Pilot Study

Acute One-Cigarette Smoking Decreases Ghrelin Hormone in Saliva: A Pilot Study

Differential effects of ghrelin antagonists on alcohol drinking and reinforcement in mouse and rat models of alcohol dependence

Endocannabinoids Measurement in Human Saliva as Potential Biomarker of Obesity

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