“…14,25,35,50,78,81 This native revascularization strategy is orchestrated by the expression of various growth factors involved in angiogenic signaling cascades, including HIF-1, VEGF, bFGF, transforming growth factor-β 1 , hepatocyte growth factor, and MMPs. 24,43,50,70,81 Taken together these studies indicate the existence of a proangiogenic intracranial milieu in patients with moyamoya disease. Future investigations are needed that focus on highthroughput proteome-wide approaches that go beyond individual molecules to provide a better insight into global pathways and interactions at play in moyamoya disease and that correlate expression levels to extent of disease on neuroimaging (for example, correlation of angiogenic factors in CSF, serum, and urine to extent of collateralization seen on cerebral angiography and measurements of cerebral blood flow and blood volume on perfusion MR imaging/SPECT/PET).…”