Expression of key genes affecting artemisinin content in five Artemisia species

Abstract

Artemisinin, an effective anti-malarial drug is synthesized in the specialized 10-celled biseriate glandular trichomes of some Artemisia species. In order to have an insight into artemisinin biosynthesis in species other than A. annua, five species with different artemisinin contents were investigated for the expression of key genes that influence artemisinin content. The least relative expression of the examined terpene synthase genes accompanied with very low glandular trichome density (4 No. mm−2) and absence of artemisinin content in A. khorassanica (S2) underscored the vast metabolic capacity of glandular trichomes. A. deserti (S4) with artemisinin content of 5.13 mg g−1 DW had a very high expression of Aa-ALDH1 and Aa-CYP71AV1 and low expression of Aa-DBR2. It is possible to develop plants with high artemisinin synthesis ability by downregulating Aa-ORA in S4, which may result in the reduction of Aa-ALDH1 and Aa-CYP71AV1 genes expression and effectively change the metabolic flux to favor more of artemisinin production than artemisinic acid. Based on the results, the Aa-ABCG6 transporter may be involved in trichome development. S4 had high transcript levels and larger glandular trichomes (3.46 fold) than A. annua found in Iran (S1), which may be due to the presence of more 2C-DNA (3.48 fold) in S4 than S1.

Identification and expression analysis of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxide lyase isoform genes and determination of allicin contents in Allium species

“…To eliminate the environmental effects, the plants were propagated under the same conditions. Eliminating environmental effects via plant propagation under the same conditions have been noted by others studies [42,52,56]. In the current study, the presence of three different isoforms in the Allium was discovered for the first time.…”

“…In addition to the complexity of the biosynthetic route, genes expression levels and enzyme activities also affect the allicin contents. Most studies have shown a close relationship between metabolome and genes expression levels [51,52,55,57,58,59,60]. The results showed that the expression patterns of isoforms were variable among different tissues in Allium species (Fig 5).…”

“…The results showed that allicin contents and alliinase gene expression levels in the Alliums were highly variable (Figs 4 and 5). Numerous factors affect the production of secondary metabolites in plants such as genotype, plant genetic, plant physiology, environmental and ecological conditions [49][50][51]52,[53][54][55]. To eliminate the environmental effects, the plants were propagated under the same conditions.…”

Mathematical Modeling of Growth and Paclitaxel Biosynthesis in Corylus avellana Cell Culture Responding to Fungal Elicitors Using Multilayer Perceptron-Genetic Algorithm

“…In vitro culture of hazel ( Corylus avellana , European filbert) has been made known as a promising and inexpensive strategy for producing paclitaxel ( Gallego et al, 2017 ; Salehi et al, 2017 ; Salehi et al, 2018c ; Salehi et al, 2019b ; Salehi et al, 2019c ; Farhadi et al, 2020 ; Salehi et al, 2020 ). Biosynthesizing bioactive compounds in plants is influenced by various factors ( Torkamani et al, 2014 ; Salehi et al, 2017 ; Salehi et al, 2018a ; Salehi et al, 2018b ; Salehi et al, 2018c ; Salehi et al, 2019a ; Salehi et al, 2019b ; Salehi et al, 2019c ; Salehi et al, 2019d ). Previous studies ( Salehi et al, 2019b ; Salehi et al, 2019c ; Farhadi et al, 2020 ; Salehi et al, 2020 ) demonstrated the positive influences of cell extract (CE) and culture filtrate (CF) of endophytic fungi on paclitaxel biosynthesis in cell suspension culture (CSC) of C. avellana .…”

A hybrid model based on general regression neural network and fruit fly optimization algorithm for forecasting and optimizing paclitaxel biosynthesis in Corylus avellana cell culture

“…Obtaining highproducing cell cultures is essential for producing secondary metabolites by way of plant in vitro culture [15]. Biosynthesizing bioactive compounds in plants are influenced by various factors [6][7][8][16][17][18][19]. Fungal elicitors including cell extract (CE) and culture filtrate (CF) have been described as an impressive strategy for improving paclitaxel biosynthesis in cell suspension culture (CSC) of C. avellana [6,7,[10][11][12][13].…”