The structures of infectious human parvovirus B19 and empty wild-type particles were determined by cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) to 7.5-Å and 11.3-Å resolution, respectively, assuming icosahedral symmetry. Both of these, DNA filled and empty, wild-type particles contain a few copies of the minor capsid protein VP1. Comparison of wild-type B19 with the crystal structure and cryoEM reconstruction of recombinant B19 particles consisting of only the major capsid protein VP2 showed structural differences in the vicinity of the icosahedral fivefold axes. Although the unique N-terminal region of VP1 could not be visualized in the icosahedrally averaged maps, the N terminus of VP2 was shown to be exposed on the viral surface adjacent to the fivefold -cylinder. The conserved glycine-rich region is positioned between two neighboring, fivefold-symmetrically related VP subunits and not in the fivefold channel as observed for other parvoviruses.Human parvovirus B19 (B19) belongs to the genus Erythrovirus within the Parvoviridae family (33, 54) and is highly tropic for erythroid progenitor cells. It is a human pathogen that causes the mild childhood disease erythema infectiosum (4) and has also been associated with a variety of other clinical symptoms, such as arthropathies, hepatitis (34), failure of red cell production (8), hydrops fetalis (18), fetal loss (14), and myocarditis (35).The single-stranded DNA genome of B19 is encapsidated in a nonenveloped protein shell that has an external diameter of about 260 Å (2). The 60 Tϭ1 icosahedrally related protein subunits of the wild-type B19 virus capsid are comprised of two structural proteins, viral protein 1 (VP1; 83 kDa) and VP2 (58 kDa), that are produced from a single open reading frame by transcriptional regulation. The major structural component of the protein shell is VP2, accounting for about 95% of the total capsid protein (36). VP2 alone is sufficient to form icosahedral virus-like particles (VLPs) with characteristic parvoviral surface features, including protrusions adjacent to the threefold axes, depressions at the icosahedral twofold axes, and canyonlike depressions surrounding the -cylindrical structure at the fivefold vertices. A pore at the center of the -cylinder at each pentameric vertex runs between the outer surface of the virion and the interior of the virus. It has been demonstrated for several parvoviruses that VLPs are similar in morphogenicity and antigenicity to native virions (13,15,17,28,44). However, differences in the neutralizing response against B19 VP2 VLPs and VLPs containing VP2 and VP1 indicated that VP1 modifies VP2 epitopes (17, 41).The structural protein VP1 differs from VP2 only in an N-terminal extension of 227 amino acids called the unique region (VP1u). A phospholipase A2-like activity that has been linked to VP1u is required during parvoviral infection (49,53,56,60). In contrast to other mammalian parvoviruses and despite its relatively low concentration in the virion, B19 VP1u represents a dominant antigenic target for neutral...