Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in stable angina

Abstract

Objective: to evaluate the severity of immuno-inflammatory responses under stable stenocardia in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Patients and intervention: the study included 83 patients suffering from IHD. Among them 30 cases were diagnosed as functional class (FC)-II stenocardia, 27 cases as FC-III stenocardia and 26 cases as FC-IV stenocardia. The control group included 25 healthy persons. For characterizing the immuno-inflammatory responses we examined the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), pro-inflammatory (IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines by the immunoenzymic procedure. Results: FC-II stenocardia showed normal levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines. FC-III stenocardia was associated with a moderate increase in markers of an inflammation. FC-IV stenocardia was characterized by maximum levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion. The intensity of immuno-inflammatory responses depends on more or less serious course of stenocardia in patients with IHD.

Emergency Powers in Central and Eastern Europe : From Martial Law to COVID-19

“…Thirdly, the EU has the competence to provide financial support for its member states through the structural funds, even though the EU budget is small compared to the GDP of the EU 27. 77 Based on Articles 180 and 181 of the TFEU, the EU has the competence to finance medical research, including vaccine development. In this field, Purnhagen et al articulated a "prediction" that later proved correct: the European Commission issued its Communication "Preparedness for COVID-19 Vaccination Strategies and Vaccine Deployment' on the 15 October 2020.…”

“…Some civil organisations claimed that these stricter rules impose further restrictions on freedom of expression and freedom of speech. 77 As Bencze and Győry concluded, the equivocal elements of the new law go against the constitutional requirement stemming from the rule of law principle that laws that oblige ordinary citizens shall be clear and understandable. They also argued that this can have a chilling effect on the reporting of factual information about the pandemic.…”

“…76 The violation of the principle lex retro non agit was also due to the fact that the official journal where they were promulgated, as a prerequisite for their enactment, was backdated. 77 Some authors disagree with the Constitutional Tribunal scrutinizing the constitutionality of the acts that had lost their binding force. It has been pointed out that such conduct, too, amounts to a breach of non-retroactivity.…”

“…76 It is important to note here that the original wording of the legislation generally allowed for a restriction of a fundamental right, without setting any conditions, in complete disregard of the cited article of the constitution. 77 According to Emergency Government Ordinance No. 34 of 2020 on the amendment of the state of siege government ordinance, the transparency of administrative decision-making and social consultation rules can be avoided in the case of draft legislation on these conditions, this amendment under the Constitutional Court was found unconstitutional, so the state of siege government ordinance was not amended.…”

“…For the State, economic consequences were ref lected primarily in the reduction or (non)collection of revenues from taxpayers who were financially unable to pay their debts because of the pandemic (e.g., illness, job loss or furlough, etc.). The State adopted regulations to postpone the payment of some tax liabilities for a specified time 77 and temporarily exempted specific types of goods from customs duties. 78 (For example, companies doing humanitarian work or donations were exempted from paying VAT and value-added taxes.)…”