“…In practical applications, it is often necessary for flexible joint manipulator (FJM) to follow a prescribed trajectory. To obtain accurate motion, researchers have investigated various control methods for the FJM, e.g., adaptive control [6,7], sliding mode control [8,9], neural network control [10,11], boundary control [12], fuzzy logic control [13,14], and so on. However, the design of the controllers mentioned above are all model-based, and controllers achieve the expected tracking performance only if the model and the parameters are completely available.…”