“…Periodic data, such as speech signals (Nielsen et al, 2017), electrocardiogram (ECG) signals (Chandola and Vatsavai, 2011), and vibration signals (Fan et al, 2018), are commonly encountered in scientific research and industrial applications. Such signals are often analyzed via linear models, e.g., the maximum likelihood pitch estimation (MLPE) method (Wise et al, 1976) and the noise resistant correlation (NRC) method (Li et al, 2021), or nonlinear models, e.g., the nonlinear least square (NLS) method (Quinn and Thomson, 1991;Nielsen et al, 2017). These methods can provide desirable estimations and predictions in many applications, but they become less accurate when handling signals with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and may require very long signals to suppress the masking effect of strong background noises (Fan et al, 2018;Li et al, 2021).…”