Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli and the correlation of biofilm with antibiotics resistance in Nepal

Abstract

BackgroundUrinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the frequently diagnosed infectious diseases which is caused mainly by Escherichia coli. E. coli confers resistance against the two major classes of antibiotics due to the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes (ESBL), biofilm, etc. Biofilm produced by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) protects from host immune system and prevent entry of antimicrobial compounds. The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the correlation of biofilm production and antibiotic resistance as well as to characterize the pgaA and pgaC genes responsible for biofilm formation among uropathogenic ESBL producing E. coli.MethodsA total of 1977 mid-stream urine samples were examined and cultured for bacterial strain identification. ESBL was detected by combined disc method following CLSI whereas biofilm formation was analyzed by semi-quantitative method. Furthermore, the pgaA and pgaC genes responsible for biofilm formation in UPEC were detected by multiplex PCR. All the statistical analyses were done via IBM SPSS Statistics 21 where Pearson’s correlation test were used to determine correlation (−1 ≥ r ≤ 1).ResultsE. coli was the predominant causative agent, which accounted 159 (59.3%) of the Gram-negative bacteria, where 81 (50.9%) E. coli strains were found to be ESBL producers. In addition, 86 (54.1%) E. coli strains were found to be biofilm producers. Both the pgaA and pgaC genes were detected in 45 (93.7%) the UPEC isolates, which were both biofilm and ESBL producers. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between biofilm and ESBL production.ConclusionThe analyses presented weak positive correlation between biofilm and ESBL production in which biofilm producing UPEC harbors both pgaA and pgaC genes responsible for biofilm formation.

Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Potential of Streptomyces Species from Nepalese Soil

“…The ESBL-producing clinical isolate of E. coli was already confirmed by coauthors in the previous study [ 26 ]. Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) plates were spread with test organisms (0.5 McFarland turbidity standard) using a sterile cotton swab.…”

Mechanisms of Resistance in Gram-Negative Urinary Pathogens: From Country-Specific Molecular Insights to Global Clinical Relevance

“…There is a positive correlation between biofilm production and ESBL positivity [ 46 ]. Among urinary isolates there were 14% strong, 17% moderate, and 22% weak biofilm producers [ 46 ].…”

“…There is a positive correlation between biofilm production and ESBL positivity [ 46 ]. Among urinary isolates there were 14% strong, 17% moderate, and 22% weak biofilm producers [ 46 ]. In the past, ESBL-positive isolates were identified predominantly in hospital acquired UTIs, but recently a dramatic increase of ESBL positivity was observed among community isolates as well [ 47 ].…”

Contribution of biofilm formation genetic locus, pgaABCD, to antibiotic resistance development in gut microbiome

“…The pgaC was in the pgaABCD cluster, which had been suggested to be involved in biofilm formation. 11–13 We then tried to focus on this gene cluster for further analysis since biofilm formation has been demonstrated to be related to bacterial antimicrobial resistance. 14 , 15 Other biofilm-related genes such as hipAB genes, which are one of the bacterial toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems in E.coli 16 and known persistence markers, were also selected for comparison among E2, E3, and E62.…”

“…The pgaC was in the pgaABCD cluster, which had been suggested to be involved in biofilm formation. [11][12][13] We then tried to focus on this gene cluster for further analysis since biofilm formation has been demonstrated to be related to bacterial in the presence and absence of the Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) esomeprazole (32 μg/ml), which was reported to inhibit formation of biofilm in E. coli; (c) Changes in expression levels of putative biofilm genes in strain E62 with and without ciprofloxacin selection pressure. Fold changes were calculated after normalization with 16s rRNA.…”