Extended version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” identification test: Test–retest reliability and validity

Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Albrecht, Eugene J.; Haehner, Antje; Hummel, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.034

Cited by 50 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This test is now commercially available and is known as Screening 12 test [65]. Furthermore, an extended SST version of 32 odors has been proposed to allow a more precise evaluation of the olfactory function, especially when different olfactory tasks are assessed using individual subtests (i.e., either only identification or discrimination subtests) [66,67]. Table 1 summarizes the most known psychophysical smell tests which can be utilized in the evaluation of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD.…”

Section: Sense Of Smell Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction deterioration in cognitive disorders in the elderly

et al. 2015

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Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are both neurodegenerative disorders typically found in the elderly. As both diseases are characterized by the early presence of dysosmia, simple validated smell tests could very well help clinicians in the early diagnosis of these neuropathological conditions. Elderly patients complaining of smell loss and found to be dysosmic, by means of validated olfactory tests, should be neurologically evaluated as early as possible to detect slight motor abnormalities in an at-risk population.

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Section: Sense Of Smell Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction deterioration in cognitive disorders in the elderly

et al. 2015

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“…Since the first publication, test–retest reliability and validity have been established [2, 3] and the test has been successfully adapted across cultures, e.g., [4–6]. Both extended [7, 8] and abridged versions, with satisfying psychometric properties [9–11], have been proposed, along with modifications of the set of odors utilized [12–14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Sniffin’ Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects

Oleszkiewicz

Schriever

Croy

et al. 2018

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

538

544

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PurposeTo provide up-to-date and detailed normative data based on a large-scale sample, increasing diagnostic validity by reference to narrow age groups as previous normative values were based upon smaller sample sizes—especially in the group of older subjects.MethodData were obtained from 9139 healthy subjects (4928 females aged 5–96 years and 4211 males aged 5–91 years). The standard “Sniffin’ Sticks” test was applied, comprising threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I) subtests, and yielding a TDI sum score.ResultsHyposmia was established at a TDI score of less than 30.75. Age-related changes were found in each domain, most pronounced for thresholds. Individuals aged 20–30 years performed best, whereas children below the age of 10 and adults above the age of 71 scored only half as well. Sex-related differences were in favor of women.ConclusionsData provide guidance for assessing individual olfactory performance in relation to specific age groups. Significant gender and age effects were observed, with a most pronounced increase of olfactory test scores between age 5 through 20 years and a dramatic decrease at the age of 60 through 71 years.

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“…The SnSt consists of three different tests - olfactory threshold, odor discrimination and odor identification. It enables a detailed diagnosis of olfactory impairments4.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemical complexity of odors increases reliability of olfactory threshold testing

Oleszkiewicz

Pellegrino

Pusch

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Assessment of odor thresholds is a widely recognized method of measuring olfactory abilities in humans. To date no attempts have been made to assess whether chemical complexity of odors used can produce more reliable results. To this end, we performed two studies of repeated measures design with 121 healthy volunteers (age 19–62 years). In Study 1, we compared thresholds obtained from tests based on one odor presented in a pen-like odor dispensing device with three odors and six odors mixtures presented in glass containers. In study 2 we compared stimuli of one and three odors, both presented in glass containers. In both studies measurements were performed twice, separated by at least three days. Results indicate that the multiple odor mixtures produced more reliable threshold scores, as compared to thresholds based on a single substance.

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Extended version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” identification test: Test–retest reliability and validity

Cited by 50 publications

References 15 publications

Olfaction deterioration in cognitive disorders in the elderly

Olfaction deterioration in cognitive disorders in the elderly

Updated Sniffin’ Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects

Chemical complexity of odors increases reliability of olfactory threshold testing

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