Extending ‘Contact Tracing’ into the Community within a 50-Metre Radius of an Index Tuberculosis Patient Using Xpert MTB/RIF in Urban, Pakistan: Did It Increase Case Detection?

Fatima, Razia; Qadeer, Ejaz; Yaqoob, Aashifa; Haq, Mahboob Ul; Majumdar, S. S.; Shewade, Hemant Deepak; Stevens, Robert; Creswell, Jacob; Mahmood, Nasir; Kumar, Ajay M. V.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165813

Cited by 26 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The Afghanistan NTP increased the screening of household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed index TB patients from 49% in 2011 to 93% in 2018 (p < 0.0001). The overall number of presumptive TB cases identified was 20.1%, which is higher than the numbers of presumptive TB cases reported in Ethiopia (6.1% and 11%) [7,13], and the 3% reported in Pakistan [8], 7.5% in Accra, Ghana [9], and 3% in another Afghanistan study [7]. The yield of all forms of…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Contact screening is currently limited to the household members living under one roof, but in a traditional society like Afghanistan's extended family members have very close daily interactions. In a study in Pakistan, screening of household contacts and neighbors within 50 m of the radius of the index TB cases yielded rates of 22.3% and 19.1% of all forms of TB, respectively [8]. Given similarities between the community structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan, we recommend including neighbors in contact screening.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although contact screening is a high-yield intervention recommended by WHO [3], its yield differs based on the country disease burden, diagnostic methods used, and health workers' capacity. The reported yield of contact screening ranges from 656 per 100,000 population [4] to 1,788 per 100,000 population in Viet Nam [5], 914 per 100,000 in Peru [6], 610 per 100,000 in Ethiopia [7], and 2,200 per 100,000 in Pakistan [8]. In an Afghanistan study of household contact screening that reported only on smear-positive cases, the yield was 1,880 per 100,000 population in the first year and decreased to 1,400 per 100,000 in the second year of intervention [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active household contact screening for tuberculosis and provision of isoniazid preventive therapy to under-five children in Afghanistan

Sayedi¹,

Seddiq

Rashidi³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active household contact screening for tuberculosis and provision of isoniazid preventive therapy to under-five children in Afghanistan

Sayedi¹,

Seddiq

Rashidi³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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“…This study was conducted among gold mine workers, not the general population. Del Portillo‐Mustieles 2013 No community‐level intervention Delva 2016 No parallel control group den Boon 2008 No parallel control group Dholakia 2016 No community‐level interventions Dobler 2016 No community‐level interventions Eang 2012 No parallel control group Elden 2011 No parallel control group Fatima 2016 No parallel control group Fox 2012 No parallel control group Furin 2007 No parallel control group Gebi 2009 No parallel control group Gilpin 1987 No parallel control group Gonzalez‐Ochoa 2009 No parallel control group Gorbacheva 2010 No parallel control group Gounder 2011 No parallel control group Griffiths 2007 Done in low‐burden settings Hermans 2012 No community‐level intervention Hinderaker 2011a No parallel control group. This paper describes 51 individual projects that aimed to detect TB cases.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Excluded Studies [Ordered By Study Id]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services

Mhimbira

Cuevas

Dacombe

et al. 2017

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis is usually diagnosed when symptomatic individuals seek care at healthcare facilities, and healthcare workers have a minimal role in promoting the health-seeking behaviour. However, some policy specialists believe the healthcare system could be more active in tuberculosis diagnosis to increase tuberculosis case detection.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of different strategies to increase tuberculosis case detection through improving access (geographical, financial, educational) to tuberculosis diagnosis at primary healthcare or community-level services.Search methodsWe searched the following databases for relevant studies up to 19 December 2016: the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library, Issue 12, 2016; MEDLINE; Embase; Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index; BIOSIS Previews; and Scopus. We also searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) for ongoing trials.Selection criteriaRandomized and non-randomized controlled studies comparing any intervention that aims to improve access to a tuberculosis diagnosis, with no intervention or an alternative intervention.Data collection and analysisTwo review authors independently assessed trials for eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. We compared interventions using risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach.Main resultsWe included nine cluster-randomized trials, one individual randomized trial, and seven non-randomized controlled studies. Nine studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), six in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal, and Pakistan), and two in South America (Brazil and Colombia); which are all high tuberculosis prevalence areas.Tuberculosis outreach screening, using house-to-house visits, sometimes combined with printed information about going to clinic, may increase tuberculosis case detection (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.79; 4 trials, 6,458,591 participants in 297 clusters, low-certainty evidence); and probably increases case detection in areas with tuberculosis prevalence of 5% or more (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.09; 3 trials, 155,918 participants, moderate-certainty evidence; prespecified stratified analysis). These interventions may lower the early default (prior to starting treatment) or default during treatment (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.96; 3 trials, 849 participants, low-certainty evidence). However, this intervention may have may have little or no effect on treatment success (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.15; 3 trials, 849 participants, low-certainty evidence), and we do not know if there is an effect on treatment failure or mortality. One study investigated long-term prevalence in the community, but with no clea...

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“…This study involved a retrospective record review of a cohort of community contacts living within the 50-meter radius of index TB cases through intensified case finding project [13]. This study was done in slums from July 2013-June 2015 and four districts (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad and Islamabad) were randomly selected from province Punjab, Pakistan.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Tuberculosis among Smokers: Secondary Analysis of an Active Case Finding Project

Fatima¹,

Yaqoob²,

Siddiqi³

et al. 2019

JTR

Self Cite

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Background: Previous case-control studies and a small number of cohort studies in high-risk populations have found an association between smoking and tuberculosis, but limited studies are available in the general population that predicts association of smoking and TB. Objectives: To investigate the association between smoking and tuberculosis in a cohort of a general population. Methods: Four districts of Punjab province (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad and Islamabad) were randomly selected. In routine, household contact investigation is practiced by the National TB Control Programme. For two years from July 2013-June 2015, all people who were living within 50 metres from the household of smear positive TB patients were screened for tuberculosis. Those found presumptive TB were investigated through smear microscopy and those found smear negative; the Xpert MTB/RIF test was done. All the diagnosed TB patients were referred to nearest basic health unit for further treatment and care. Results: A total of 783,043 contacts were screened for tuberculosis, of whom 19,815 (2.53%) were smokers. Smoking was common among men, in diabetic & teenage, elderly age population and in household contact of smear positive TB patients. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 2.27-2.60) in household contact of smear positive TB patients. The association was stronger among those greater than 45 years of age (OR, 11.09) than those between 25-44 years of age (OR, 5.83) and diabetic persons (OR, 2.0). Conclusions: Smoking was associated with a twofold increased risk of active tuberculosis in a cohort of general population.

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Extending ‘Contact Tracing’ into the Community within a 50-Metre Radius of an Index Tuberculosis Patient Using Xpert MTB/RIF in Urban, Pakistan: Did It Increase Case Detection?

Cited by 26 publications

References 16 publications

Active household contact screening for tuberculosis and provision of isoniazid preventive therapy to under-five children in Afghanistan

Active household contact screening for tuberculosis and provision of isoniazid preventive therapy to under-five children in Afghanistan

Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services

Assessing Tuberculosis among Smokers: Secondary Analysis of an Active Case Finding Project

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