Extending the Boundaries of Diesel Particulate Filter Maintenance With Ultra-Low Ash - Zero-Phosphorus Oil

McGeehan, J. A.; Dam, W. van; Narasaki, Keith; Boffa, Alexander B.; Rutherford, James A.; Carabell, Kevin; Stokes, C.S.; Nelson, Ken; Yeh, Sung-Wei

doi:10.4271/2012-01-1709

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Residue from Soot A and B had fairly similar chemical composition, whereas Soot C had certain compounds such as CaZn 2 (PO 4 ) 2 , Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , and CaCO 3 which were not seen in the other samples. All four diesel soot samples had diffraction peaks originating from CaSO 4 , Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , and ZnO that are a part of calcium sulfonate based detergents and ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate) based antiwear additives used in engine oil formulations. − Carbonates of group 2 metals (such as CaCO 3 ) are generally used for increasing basicity of engine oil formulations so as to neutralize acidic byproducts originating from combustion gases during vehicle operation. Compounds such as CaZn 2 (PO 4 ) 2 and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 could be produced by cross-interaction among decomposition products in the engine oil during operation or abrasion of calcium phosphate based tribofilms during rubbing that would have been bound to the soot particles and detected upon their oxidation in the experiments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Diesel Soot Composition and Accumulated Vehicle Mileage on Soot Oxidation Characteristics

et al. 2016

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Effects of diesel soot composition and accumulated vehicle mileage on soot oxidation characteristics were examined. Four soot samples were extracted from the crankcase oils of diesel engines that had accumulated different mileages. Carbon black was used as a comparative example. Soot structure was studied in situ using X-ray diffraction as it was oxidized to temperatures as high as 700 °C. The soot from older engines exhibited a higher increase in lattice spacing (d 002) with an increase in temperature that resulted in soot samples being at lower temperatures, thereby reducing the oxidation resistance. Composition of the residues after oxidation was studied using X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure. Oxidation residue of the soot samples is made up of decomposed lubricant additives compounds and debris from wear and tribofilms. XRD phase analysis showed that crystalline compounds in soot are CaSO4, CaZn2(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2, Zn3(PO4)2, and ZnO. The turbostratic structure of all the soots irrespective of engine age is similar prior to oxidation; however, the embedded crystalline and amorphous species in the soot change with accumulated mileage. Surface area of the soot measured using BET was found to be inversely proportional to the weight of residue.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Diesel Soot Composition and Accumulated Vehicle Mileage on Soot Oxidation Characteristics

et al. 2016

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“…16 Although fewer ash emissions can be expected by lowering the concentration of ash-producing elements in the lubricating oil, such a reduction would not be beneficial for the protection of engine components. Nevertheless, there are recently promising developments of low-ash lube oils, especially for Pand Zn-bearing compounds, 17 but these oils still must be tested.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Particle Emissions in the Exhaust Stream of Diesel Engines: An Electron Microscope Study

Liati

Schreiber

Eggenschwiler

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were applied to investigate the morphology, mode of occurrence and chemical composition of metal particles (diesel ash) in the exhaust stream of a small truck outfitted with a typical after-treatment system (a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a downstream diesel particulate filter (DPF)). Ash consists of Ca-Zn-P-Mg-S-Na-Al-K-phases (lube-oil related), Fe, Cr, Ni, Sn, Pb, Sn (engine wear), and Pd (DOC coating). Soot agglomerates of variable sizes (<0.5-5 μm) are abundant upstream of the DPF and are ash-free or contain notably little attached ash. Post-DPF soot agglomerates are very few, typically large (>1-5 μm, exceptionally 13 μm), rarely <0.5 μm, and contain abundant ash carried mostly from inside the DPF. The ash that reaches the atmosphere also occurs as separate aggregates ca. 0.2-2 μm in size consisting of sintered primary phases, ca. 20-400 nm large. Insoluble particles of these sizes may harm the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The DPF probably promotes breakout of large soot agglomerates (mostly ash-bearing) by favoring sintering. Noble metals detached from the DOC coating may reach the ambient air. Finally, very few agglomerates of Fe-oxide nanoparticles form newly from engine wear and escape into the atmosphere.

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“…Phosphorous, decomposed to pyrophosphates that pass through the engine combustion chamber, however, interferes with the operation of the exhaust system by forming ash or deactivation of the catalytic centers of the catalytic converter [7], so the goal of work with ZDDP is to reduce the amount of phosphorous present in engine oils, while still maintaining good friction and wear performance [8]. This is expressed by the so-called "chemical box" or the prevalence of low and mid sulfur, ash and phosphorous (SAP) engine oils.…”

Section: Tribofilm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction and wear reductions under slip-rolling contact through chemically reactive tribofilm generation during pre-conditioning of steel alloys

Burbank

Woydt

2015

Wear

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Extending the Boundaries of Diesel Particulate Filter Maintenance With Ultra-Low Ash - Zero-Phosphorus Oil

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of Diesel Soot Composition and Accumulated Vehicle Mileage on Soot Oxidation Characteristics

Effects of Diesel Soot Composition and Accumulated Vehicle Mileage on Soot Oxidation Characteristics

Metal Particle Emissions in the Exhaust Stream of Diesel Engines: An Electron Microscope Study

Friction and wear reductions under slip-rolling contact through chemically reactive tribofilm generation during pre-conditioning of steel alloys

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