Extensive analysis of photovoltaic battery self-consumption: Evaluation through an innovative district case-study

Abstract

Energy storage is one of the key elements within the actual stage of the energy transition, as it is probably one of the most important factors to allow high penetration of fluctuating renewable energies, such as wind or solar, in the existing power systems. Intensive research is being conducted to assess the economic aspects and technical performance of renewable energy-based systems supported by batteries by evaluating different services that batteries can provide to the electric grid or to the end-consumers. In Germany, where the majority of the currently installed 43 GW of PV capacity corresponds to small residential, commercial, or industrial facilities, an interesting market for batteries to enhance local self-consumption and autarky is already booming, with more than 80 000 storage system installations in 2017. In this context, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the photovoltaic battery model by analyzing the technical and economic consequences that variations on the most relevant system parameters induce. The presented results are based on high resolution data obtained from a representative residential district with an autarky of above 95%. The employed battery model is based on the results obtained through an extensive test campaign and includes electrical and thermal sub-models. The analysis predicts that grid parity of residential PV battery systems can be reached in the upcoming years, with especially great potential of the retrofitting market for those PV installations which run out of the feed-in tariff policy.

Review of Stationary Energy Storage Systems Applications, Their Placement, and Techno-Economic Potential

“…Storage systems, from a technical point of view, are more efficient when placed as district storage units within the lowvoltage (LV) distribution grid, enabling more PV penetration at household level, and, e.g., enabling more effective grid services such as voltage control [23,[54][55][56]. Although shared storage installations for SC are not viable in many countries due to regulative constraints and inevitable double imposition of network taxes and levies [55], some utilities have investigated such applications, e.g., in German research projects [57][58][59].…”

Photovoltaic systems and yearly net self-sufficient electricity supply in distribution networks

“…Such a functionality is important also form the viewpoint of yearly net self-sufficient energy supply of households and other smaller users introduced in some countries [8], which should be performed without additional investments in electricity network infrastructure. Some aspects of PV systems based yearly net self-sufficient energy supply are treated in [9][10][11] for Slovenia and worldwide in [12][13][14][15][16]. This paper analyses an extreme case where 100% yearly net self-sufficiency in electricity supply should be achieved by controllable PV systems.…”

Toward the Integration of a Silicon/Graphite Anode-Based Lithium-Ion Battery in Photovoltaic Charging Battery Systems

“…The solar cell and batteries can be combined or integrated in a multitude of ways and scales, ranging from indoor applications for “smart houses” and internet of things 2 − 8 to typical field applications. 9 − 12 In addition to the power stabilization function, the integration of PV modules with battery storage can potentially minimize the wiring and reduce the need for power management. Properly voltage-matched batteries can serve as a power coupling element and provide the opportunity to avoid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for PV modules in the directly coupled device.…”

“…In this regard, merging PVs with battery storage presents to be the straightforward route to counteract the intermittence of solar generation. The solar cell and batteries can be combined or integrated in a multitude of ways and scales, ranging from indoor applications for “smart houses” and internet of things − to typical field applications. − In addition to the power stabilization function, the integration of PV modules with battery storage can potentially minimize the wiring and reduce the need for power management. Properly voltage-matched batteries can serve as a power coupling element and provide the opportunity to avoid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for PV modules in the directly coupled device. , To build a PV battery device relevant for outdoor large-scale installations, batteries with potentially low cost and high temperature tolerance are required. , Particularly, high tolerance to temperatures up to 70 °C is required because high PV energy production, especially in warm climate zones, is associated with module temperatures in the range of 30–60 °C, reaching a maximum up to 70 °C .…”