External Contamination

Chatterton, Craig

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801700-5.00003-0

Hair Analysis in Clinical and Forensic Toxicology 2015

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801700-5.00003-0

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External Contamination

Craig Chatterton

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Cited by 3 publications

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“…9−12 Additionally, external contamination (e.g., with the drug/xenobiotic itself during handling) is an important limitation for the interpretation of hair-analysis results. 13,14 Also, sweat and sebum after consumption can falsify time-dependent incorporation of xenobiotics into hair. 2 It has been shown that sweat and sebum contamination are able to mimic chronic intake after a single administration of a drug, making it difficult to differentiate between single, multiple, or chronic consumption.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hair Analysis: Contamination versus Incorporation from the Circulatory System—Investigations on Single Hair Samples Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2019

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Contamination is a highly controversial issue in hair analysis. Therefore, hair testing protocols typically include wash steps to remove contamination. However, recent studies claim that washing could also lead to permanent incorporation of contaminants into hair, thus questioning the validity of hair testing at all. In the present study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) with longitudinal sectioning of single hairs and different decontamination protocols was used to reveal differences between the incorporation of a substance into hair from external sources and an incorporation via bloodstream. Single hairs were longitudinally sectioned using a custom-made sample holder. Data were acquired with MALDI-MS by rastering each hair individually. Single hair samples from drug users, blank hairs, and zolpidem-and zolpidem-D6soaked hairs were investigated. Different published washing protocols were tested, and an in-house washing protocol was developed. For images with higher spatial resolution, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used. Longitudinal sectioning of hairs dramatically increased sensitivity; even single-dose administrations of zolpidem in single hairs could thus be detected using MALDI-MS. Zolpidem from external sources could be detected in large quantities in superficial hair structures. Zolpidem from consumer hairs, proposed to be strongly bound to inner hair structures, could not be completely removed even by the strongest tested decontamination protocol, whereas zolpidemsoaked hairs could be cleared almost completely with the developed in-house wash protocol. The applied methods allowed a first insight into the connection of decontamination protocols and wash-in phenomena in hair analysis. Further studies with other drugs are necessary to assess the general validity of these findings.

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confidence: 99%

Hair Analysis: Contamination versus Incorporation from the Circulatory System—Investigations on Single Hair Samples Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2019

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Ethyl Glucuronide in Alcoholic Beverages

Müller

Iwersen‐Bergmann

2018

Alcohol and Alcoholism

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Assessing Hair Decontamination Protocols for Diazepam, Heroin, Cocaine and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol by Statistical Design of Experiments

Aijala

DeCaprio

2020

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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Prior to toxicological analysis, hair as a matrix requires pre-treatment measures including decontamination, homogenization, and extraction. Decontamination is performed to differentiate between drug present from superficial deposition and drug incorporated from systemic distribution following ingestion. There are many methods for decontamination of hair samples, mostly developed by empirically using a traditional “one factor at a time” (OFAT) approach, in which one independent variable at a time is changed to observe the effect on the dependent variable. The goal of the present work was to compare the efficacy of decontamination protocols using statistical “design of experiments” (DoE), which allows for analysis of multiple variables and interactions within a single experiment. Decontamination parameters included identity of aqueous and organic wash solutions, number of sequential aqueous and organic washes, order of aqueous and organic washes, and duration of each wash. DoE studies were completed to identify optimal decontamination conditions for four abused drugs with varying physiochemical properties. For this purpose, drug-free human hair was externally contaminated with diazepam (DZP), heroin (HER), cocaine (COC), or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Each analyte was found to have a unique set of decontamination conditions that were most effective. These included three 30-min washes with methanol followed by three with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfide (SDS) for DZP, three 30 s washes with dichloromethane followed by one with water for HER, one 30-s wash with 1% SDS followed by three with dichloromethane for COC, and three 30 min washes with water followed by one with methanol for THC. The results provide proof-of-principle for a DoE approach to identify effective parameters for hair decontamination for a physicochemically diverse group of drugs. The major advantage of DoE is to elucidate combinations of parameters that result in effective removal of surface contamination, a goal that would be challenging to accomplish using an OFAT approach.

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External Contamination

Cited by 3 publications

References 80 publications

Hair Analysis: Contamination versus Incorporation from the Circulatory System—Investigations on Single Hair Samples Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Hair Analysis: Contamination versus Incorporation from the Circulatory System—Investigations on Single Hair Samples Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Ethyl Glucuronide in Alcoholic Beverages

Assessing Hair Decontamination Protocols for Diazepam, Heroin, Cocaine and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol by Statistical Design of Experiments

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