Externalizing and self-medicating: Heterogeneity among repeat DUI offenders

Abstract

Aim: Despite significant reductions in Driving Under the Influence (DUI) in the United States during recent decades, DUI continues to be a major public health threat. The current study investigated the intersection of two domains known to influence DUI: criminal history and psychiatric comorbidity. Methods: DUI recidivists (N=743) attending a court-mandated two-week inpatient DUI program completed a computerized mental health assessment as part of their intake to that program. Participants’ criminal records were obtained 4–5 years after program attendance. Findings: This study identified three primary repeat DUI offender subtypes with distinct patterns of criminal behavior and psychiatric comorbidity: (Type I) those whose DUI emerges from a pattern of drinking to cope with mood and anxiety problems, (Type II) those whose DUI emerges as part of a larger pattern of externalizing and criminal behavior, and (Type III) those whose DUI offenses reflect more acute triggers and isolated episodes of excessive drinking. Conclusion: These findings suggest that current treatment models used in DUI programs are inadequate to address the heterogeneity in the population of DUI recidivists and that earlier and more comprehensive screening would allow for better targeting of resources to DUI offender subtypes.

Typologies of Canadian young adults who drive after cannabis use: A two‐step cluster analysis

“…Like in previous studies, the fourth identified cluster was characterized by individuals who did not present any "extreme" behavior, often labeled as "well-adjusted" (Donovan & Marlatt, 1982;Moore, 1994;Nelson et al, 2019;Nolan et al, 1994;Okamura et al, 2014;Saltstone & Poudrier, 1989;Scherer, Beck, et al, 2021;Scherer, Nochajski, et al, 2021;Shim et al, 2016;Snowden et al, 1986;Steer et al, 1979;Wells-Parker et al, 1986). In this analysis, they seemed to be non-frequent cannabis users and occasional drinkers who had less frequently engaged in DACU than the rest of the sample.…”

“…Over the past 40 years, many studies identified diverse typologies of individuals who had been driving while impaired (DWI) on any substance, with some subgroups having been repeatedly found in the past decade. A first subgroup often labeled as “well‐adjusted” or “normal,” presented normative scores in diverse personality features and low/mild psychiatric, criminal, or substance‐related problems (Donovan & Marlatt, 1982; Moore, 1994; Nelson et al., 2019; Nolan et al., 1994; Okamura et al., 2014; Saltstone & Poudrier, 1989; Scherer, Beck, et al., 2021; Scherer, Nochajski, et al., 2021; Shim et al., 2016; Snowden et al., 1986; Steer et al., 1979; Wells‐Parker et al., 1986). A second group was mainly characterized by high levels of neuroticism, psychological distress, or psychiatric symptoms (Donovan & Marlatt, 1982; Hubicka et al., 2010; Moore, 1994; Nelson et al., 2019; Roma et al., 2019; Saltstone & Poudrier, 1989; Scherer, Nochajski, et al., 2021; Shim et al., 2016; Steer et al., 1979).…”

“…A third group was defined by frequent/heavy substance use or by substance‐related problems (Ball et al., 2000; Hubicka et al., 2010; Okamura et al., 2014; Saltstone & Poudrier, 1989; Scherer, Beck, et al., 2021; Scherer, Nochajski, et al., 2021; Snowden et al., 1986; Steer et al., 1979; Wells‐Parker et al., 1986). A fourth group presented a general tendency towards deviant road behaviors, as expressed through speeding, driving‐related aggression, poor driving history, risky driving, repeated DWI offenses; they were sometimes characterized as being aggressive, hostile, resentful towards authority, and nonconforming (Donovan & Marlatt, 1982; Moore, 1994; Nelson et al., 2019; Roma et al., 2019; Saltstone & Poudrier, 1989; Scherer, Nochajski, et al., 2021; Shim et al., 2016; Wells‐Parker et al., 1986; Wieczorek & Miller, 1992). Finally, some studies reported a subgroup with a severe presentation across all measured characteristics: criminality, mental health, substance use, and related problems, etc.…”

Excessive All-Trans Retinoic Acid Inhibits Cell Proliferation Through Upregulated MicroRNA-4680-3p in Cultured Human Palate Cells

“…BrdU incorporation assays confirmed that cell proliferation was significantly decreased in cells treated with 30 µM atRA (Figures 1B,C). While excessive atRA is known to induce apoptosis in several tissues and cells (Okano et al, 2007;Mercader et al, 2008;Nelson et al, 2019;Quan et al, 2019), atRA failed to induce apoptosis in HEPM cells at 30 µM (Supplementary Figure 1). Previous studies show that atRA inhibits cell proliferation through downregulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B; a.k.a.…”

Impaired driving among rural female drug-involved offenders

“…Among impaired drivers, there was no association between past year arrests and past year impaired driving episodes. Prior studies have shown a link between impaired driving and other criminal behavior (Nelson et al 2019); however, given that the sample consisted of women in jail, this lack of significant differences in criminal history might be expected. The previously discussed rural probationer study also found similar criminal histories between rural probationers with a single impaired driving arrest and those without an impaired driving arrest (Webster, Oser, et al 2009).…”