Extracellular pH sensing by plant cell-surface peptide-receptor complexes

Liu, Li; Song, Wen; Huang, Shijia; Jiang, Kai; Moriwaki, Yoshitaka; Wang, Yichuan; Men, Yongfeng; Zhang, Dan; Xing, Wen; Han, Zhifu; Chai, Jijie; Guo, Hongwei

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.012

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Possibly, these co-receptors are all co-localized in plasma membrane nanodomains to facilitate the rapid assembly of larger receptor platforms (Somssich et al ., 2015; McKenna et al ., 2019; Somssich, 2020; Gronnier et al ., 2022). Indeed, rather than functioning as a PRR sensing the pathogen directly, work from a recent publication suggests that the PEPRs act as extracellular pH sensors (Liu et al ., 2022). Alkalinization of the apoplast is a hallmark of activated immunity, and Liu et al ., (2022) show that the PEPRs specifically interact with their co-receptor BAK1 under alkaline conditions, while they only show a weak affinity for interaction under acidic conditions (Felix et al ., 1993; Liu et al ., 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, rather than functioning as a PRR sensing the pathogen directly, work from a recent publication suggests that the PEPRs act as extracellular pH sensors (Liu et al ., 2022). Alkalinization of the apoplast is a hallmark of activated immunity, and Liu et al ., (2022) show that the PEPRs specifically interact with their co-receptor BAK1 under alkaline conditions, while they only show a weak affinity for interaction under acidic conditions (Felix et al ., 1993; Liu et al ., 2022). Interestingly, F. oxysporum uses functional homologs of plant RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTORs to induce alkalinization of the apoplast, as this also stimulates infectious growth of the fungus (Masachis et al ., 2016; Wang et al ., 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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pGG-PIP: A GreenGate (GG) entry vector collection with Plant Immune system Promoters (PIP)

Calabria

Rast-Somssich

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The regulatory sequences controlling the expression of a gene (i.e. the promoter) are essential to properly understand a gene's function. From their use in mutant complementation assays, to studying their responsiveness to different stimuli via transcriptional reporter lines or using them as proxy for the activation of certain pathways, assays using promoter sequences are valuable tools for insight into the genetic architecture underlying plant life. The GreenGate (GG) system is a plant-specific variant of the Golden Gate assembly method, a modular cloning system that allows the hierarchical assembly of individual donor DNA fragments into one expression clone via a single reaction step. The assembly is based on specific recognition sites for the individual donor fragments, derived i.e., from a promoter, coding sequence, resistance gene or a protein tag. Here, we present a collection of 75 GG entry vectors carrying putative regulatory sequences for Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in many different pathways of the plant immune system, designated Plant Immune system Promoters (PIP). This pGG-PIP entry vector set enables the rapid assembly of expression vectors to be used for transcriptional reporters of plant immune system components, mutant complementation assays when coupled with coding sequences, mis-expression experiments for genes of interest, or the targeted use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. We used pGG-PIP vectors to create fluorescent transcriptional reporters in A. thaliana and demonstrated the potential of these reporters to image the responsiveness of specific plant immunity genes to infection and colonization by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Using the PLANT ELICITOR PEPTIDE (PEP) pathway as an example, we show this pathway is locally activated in response to colonization by the fungus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

pGG-PIP: A GreenGate (GG) entry vector collection with Plant Immune system Promoters (PIP)

Calabria

Rast-Somssich

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In plants, sensors for the perception of the pH in the apoplast were recently identified in A. thaliana roots (Fig. 2b) (Liu et al 2022). At acidic pH, a sulfotyrosine of the endogenous peptide root growth factor (RGF) is protonated and forms a complex with its receptor RGFR and the co-receptor SERK, which promotes root apical meristem growth (Liu et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2b) (Liu et al 2022). At acidic pH, a sulfotyrosine of the endogenous peptide root growth factor (RGF) is protonated and forms a complex with its receptor RGFR and the co-receptor SERK, which promotes root apical meristem growth (Liu et al 2022). The target of RGF is PLETHORA, a master regulator of root development (Aida et al 2004;Galinha et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, RGF acts as a bona fide pH sensor. An increase in external pH, as for example induced by pathogenic bacteria, allows the plant elicitor peptide Pep to bind its receptor PEPR and to induce patterntriggered immunity, an interaction that is suspended at low pH due to protonation of pH-sensing aspartic and glutamic acid residues of PEPR (Liu et al 2022). Depending on the external hydrogen ion concentration, this interlaced pH-sensing system prioritizes either growth (at acidic pH) or defense (under alkaline conditions), decisions that strongly affect the performance and fitness of the plant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant strategies to mine iron from alkaline substrates

Vélez‐Bermúdez

Schmidt

2022

Plant Soil

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In concert with oxygen, soil alkalinity strongly restricts the availability of iron, an essential nutrient with a multitude of functions in living organisms. In addition to its role in mitochondrial energy metabolism and as a cofactor for enzymes, in plants iron also plays key roles in photosynthesis and is required for chlorophyll biosynthesis. The ability to thrive in calcareous soils, referred to as calcicole behaviour, is the readout of an amalgam of traits of which efficient foraging of iron is a decisive factor. Recently, the well-established concept of two distinct iron uptake strategies, phylogenetically separating grasses from other land plants, was expanded by the discovery of auxiliary mechanisms that extend the range of edaphic conditions to which a species can adapt. Secretion of a tailor-made cocktail of iron-mobilising metabolites into the rhizosphere, the composition of which is responsive to a suite of edaphic and internal cues, allows survival in calcareous soils through a competitive iron acquisition strategy, which includes intricate interactions with the consortium of associated microorganisms in, on, and around the roots. This versatile, reciprocal plant-microbiome interplay affects iron mobilisation directly, but also collaterally by impacting growth, fitness, and health of the host. Here, we review the mechanisms and the multifaceted regulation of iron acquisition in plants, taking into consideration the specific constraints associated with the uptake of iron from alkaline soils. Knowledge on how plants extract iron from such soils sets the stage for a better understanding of essential ecological processes and for combatting iron malnutrition in humans.

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Taming of the microbial beasts: Plant immunity tethers potentially pathogenic microbiota members

Entila,

Tsuda

2024

BioEssays

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Plants are in intimate association with taxonomically structured microbial communities called the plant microbiota. There is growing evidence that the plant microbiota contributes to the holistic performance and general health of plants, especially under unfavorable situations. Despite the attached benefits, surprisingly, the plant microbiota in nature also includes potentially pathogenic strains, signifying that the plant hosts have tight control over these microbes. Despite the conceivable role of plant immunity in regulating its microbiota, we lack a complete understanding of its role in governing the assembly, maintenance, and function of the plant microbiota. Here, we highlight the recent progress on the mechanistic relevance of host immunity in orchestrating plant‐microbiota dialogues and discuss the pluses and perils of these microbial assemblies.

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Extracellular pH sensing by plant cell-surface peptide-receptor complexes

Cited by 64 publications

References 90 publications

pGG-PIP: A GreenGate (GG) entry vector collection with Plant Immune system Promoters (PIP)

pGG-PIP: A GreenGate (GG) entry vector collection with Plant Immune system Promoters (PIP)

Plant strategies to mine iron from alkaline substrates

Taming of the microbial beasts: Plant immunity tethers potentially pathogenic microbiota members

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