Extracellular Remodeling during Fertilization

Shapiro, Bennett M.; Somers, Cynthia E.; Weidman, P J

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-622590-7.50016-5

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Cortical granules (CGs) are specialized secretory vesicles in eggs of all mammals, most vertebrates, and some invertebrates (Shapiro et al, 1989). They contain a mixture of proteases, glycosidases, and cross-linking enzymes (reviewed in Wessel et al, 2001).…”

Section: Cortical Granule Exocytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Transitioning from egg to embryo: Triggers and mechanisms of egg activation

Horner

Wolfner

2008

Developmental Dynamics

183

177

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The transition from mature oocyte to developing embryo requires a coordinated series of events, collectively known as egg activation. Egg activation includes changes to egg coverings to prevent polyspermy, release of oocyte meiotic arrest, generation of haploid female and male pronuclei, changes in maternal mRNAs and protein populations, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. In many animals, egg activation is triggered by fertilization, which increases intracellular calcium within the oocyte and thereby regulates molecular events of egg activation. In other animals, fertilization-independent external signals, including mechanical stimulation of eggs and/or changes in ionic milieu, trigger activation. Recent studies have clarified the upstream portion of pathways leading to eggshell changes and cell cycle resumption and have identified activation-induced changes in maternal mRNA and protein profiles that can identify molecular players in the downstream events of egg activation. We review signals that trigger activation and how they link to subsequent molecular events of egg activation. Developmental Dynamics 237:527-544, 2008.

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Section: Cortical Granule Exocytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Transitioning from egg to embryo: Triggers and mechanisms of egg activation

Horner

Wolfner

2008

Developmental Dynamics

183

177

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“…Upon fertilization, the animal zygote transforms the egg extracellular matrix into a protective physical structure that encloses the embryo in a microenvironment in which embryogenesis can occur (reviewed by Shapiro et al, 1989;Wong and Wessel, 2006a). In general, modifications of this matrix stabilize the protein barrier so that digestion by a 'hatching enzyme' is necessary before the embryo may escape to begin feeding (Barrett et al, 1971;D'Aniello et al, 1997;Fan and Katagiri, 2001;Katagiri et al, 1997;Kitamura and Katagiri, 1998;Lee et al, 1994;Lepage and Gache, 1990;Mozingo et al, 1993;Nomura et al, 1997;Sawada et al, 1990;Yamagami et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, inter-protein crosslinks are essential for the change in extracellular matrix properties in insects (Li et al, 1996), teleosts (Chang et al, 2002;Kudo, 1988;Oppen-Berntsen et al, 1990) and echinoderms (Foerder and Shapiro, 1977;Hall, 1978;. One or many of these biochemical modifications are hypothesized to establish a physical barrier separating the outside from the perivitelline space, thereby maintaining a sterile, or even a dessicantresistant, microenvironment (Grey et al, 1974;Kay and Shapiro, 1985;Shapiro et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, hydration of proteoglycans from egg vesicles establishes an aqueous cushion within the perivitelline space, the volume that distances the embryo from the barrier Larabell and Chandler, 1991;Schuel et al, 1974;Shapiro et al, 1989;Talbot and Dandekar, 2003;Talbot and Goudeau, 1988). Second, the matrix itself is transformed by enzymes derived from the cortical granules, a process that alters the matrix characteristics to resist mechanical distortion and chemical dissolution (reviewed by Shapiro et al, 1989;Wong and Wessel, 2006a). In anurans, a zinc metalloprotease is responsible for the physicochemical alteration of their vitelline envelope (Lindsay and Hedrick, 2004); a functional homolog modifies the same target in the mammalian zona pellucida (Bauskin et al, 1999;Moller and Wassarman, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Free-radical crosslinking of specific proteins alters the function of the egg extracellular matrix at fertilization

Wong

Wessel

2008

Development

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All animal embryos begin development by modifying the egg extracellular matrix. This protein-rich matrix protects against polyspermy, microbes and mechanical stress via enzyme-dependent transformations that alter the organization of its constituents. Using the sea urchin fertilization envelope, a well-defined extracellular structure formed within minutes of fertilization, we examine the mechanisms whereby limited permeability is established within this matrix. We find that the fertilization envelope acquires a barrier filtration of 40,000 daltons within minutes of insemination via a peroxidase-dependent mechanism, with dynamics that parallel requisite production of hydrogen peroxide by the zygote. To identify the molecular targets of this freeradical modification, we developed an in vivo technique to label and isolate the modified matrix components for mass spectrometry. This method revealed that four of the six major extracellular matrix components are selectively crosslinked, discriminating even sibling proteins from the same gene. Thus, specific free-radical chemistry is essential for establishing the embryonic microenvironment of early development.

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“…These changes include both a transient membrane depolarization (the "fast block") and modification of the extracellular matrix (the "slow" or "physical block"; for review, see Shapiro et al, 1989;Wessel et al, 2001;Wong and Wessel, 2006). In sea urchins, extracellular matrix modifications include assembly of a fertilization envelope (FE) seconds after gamete fusion, thereby establishing a physical barrier that protects the zygote.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rendezvin: An Essential Gene Encoding Independent, Differentially Secreted Egg Proteins That Organize the Fertilization Envelope Proteome after Self-Association

Wong

Wessel

2006

MBoC

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Preventing polyspermy during animal fertilization relies on modifications to the egg's extracellular matrix. On fertilization in sea urchins, the contents of cortical granules are secreted and rapidly assemble into the egg's extracellular vitelline layer, forming the fertilization envelope, a proteinaceous structure that protects the zygote from subsequent sperm. Here, we document rendezvin, a gene whose transcript is differentially spliced to yield proteins destined for either cortical granules or the vitelline layer. These distinctly trafficked variants reunite after cortical granule secretion at fertilization. Together, they help coordinate assembly of the functional fertilization envelope, whose proteome is now defined in full.

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Extracellular Remodeling during Fertilization

Cited by 29 publications

References 93 publications

Transitioning from egg to embryo: Triggers and mechanisms of egg activation

Transitioning from egg to embryo: Triggers and mechanisms of egg activation

Free-radical crosslinking of specific proteins alters the function of the egg extracellular matrix at fertilization

Rendezvin: An Essential Gene Encoding Independent, Differentially Secreted Egg Proteins That Organize the Fertilization Envelope Proteome after Self-Association

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