Extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review

Abstract

IntroductionExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to have a significant role in the central nervous system (CNS) and neurodegenerative disease.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were used to identify published articles about EV modifications (2012 to Feb 2022).ResultsIn total, 1,435 published papers were identified among the searched articles, with 1,128 non-duplicate publications being identified. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 214 publications were excluded; following the full-text screening of 93 published articles, another 33 publications were excluded. The remaining 60 studies were considered. The kappa statistic of 0.868 indicated that the raters were highly reliable. Furthermore, the inter-reliability and intra-reliability coefficients were found to be 0.931 and 0.908, respectively, indicating strong reliability and consistency between the eligible studies identified by the raters. A total of 27 relevant studies demonstrated the role of EVs as therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Of note, 19 and 14 studies, respectively, found EVs to be pioneering in diagnostic and therapeutic roles.DiscussionEVs play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS), aiding in cell-to-cell communication and serving as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. EVs are the home of several proteins [including-synuclein (-syn) and tau proteins], lipids, and genetic materials such as DNA and RNA. The presence of novel miRNAs in EVs suggests biomarkers for the diagnosis and screening of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, EVs play an important role in the pathogenesis of such disorders. This systematic review discussed the current state of EVs’ role in neurological diseases, as well as some preclinical studies on the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs.

Novel Isolation Method Reveals Sex-Specific Composition and Neurotoxicity of Small Extracellular Vesicles in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…To that end, females are at least two-fold more susceptible to Alzheimer’s disease compared to age-matched males [ 26 , 27 ]. Since EVs, especially sEVs, have been reported to play a significant role in advancing the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, we decided to examine the differences in protein cargo composition of WT and 5xFAD mice of both sexes [ 6 , 28 ].…”

Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases

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Multimodal Approach to Neurocognitive Function in People Living with HIV in the cART Era: A Comprehensive Review

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a means of intercellular communication and regulation, have gained attention in recent years as a promising biomarker for various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative states including HIV-associated NCI [191,192]. EVs, categorized according to their size into exosomes (30-150 nm) and microvesicles (150-1000 nm), carry and deliver biologically active molecules such as lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins as well as pathogenic substances including viral proteins [192].…”