Extracellular vesicles: novel vehicles in herpesvirus
            infection

Liu, Lingzhi; Zhou, Quan; Xie, Yan; Zuo, Lielian; Zhu, Fanxiu; Lu, Jianhong

doi:10.1007/s12250-017-4073-9

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Exosomes are of 50‐200 nm extracellular vesicles and play critical roles in intracellular communication. Exosomes contain DNA, RNA, proteins and other bioactive molecules, playing roles in exchanging genetic information and regulating physiological and pathological activities . Emerging studies have proven that exosomes released from tumor cells can affect tumor formation, growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune evasion .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomal cyclophilin A as a novel noninvasive biomarker for Epstein‐Barr virus associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

et al. 2019

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Exosomes have emerged as novel vehicles for proteins and other contents in cancer progression. Cyclophilin A (CYPA) is a pivotal member of immunophilin family. Whether CYPA can be detected in sera of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients remains to be explored. Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human tumor virus and is a causative agent of NPC. The antibody of EBV capsid antigen immunoglobulin A (EBV‐VCA‐IgA) is a known biomarker of NPC, with a proportion of no more than 70% being detected positively. Hence, novel biomarkers need to be discovered for early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of EBV‐associated NPC. A total of 110 NPC and 36 normal control serum samples were collected. Exosomes from these samples were extracted. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the above samples were validated by reverse transcription –quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the results demonstrated that both the serum and exosomal CYPA levels of NPC patients were significantly higher than that of normal cases. In addition, exosomal CYPA had a much higher level than that in the whole sera. The positive rate of EBV‐VCA‐IgA antibody was 68.2% in NPC sera, and noticeably, among the cases with EBV‐VCA‐IgA negative, 80% of them presented high levels of CYPA above the standard (cutoff value). In particular, CYPA in exosomes was uniformly with higher significance than that in whole sera. Combined analysis of CYPA protein and EBV‐VCA‐IgA antibody showed a greatly higher discriminatory ability in diagnosis of NPC. Moreover, exosomal CYPA level had a positive correlation with that of the EBV‐encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in exosomes. EBV‐positive cancer cells secreted significantly higher levels of exosomal CYPA. This study established the utility of circulating exosomal CYPA as a potential noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for EBV‐associated NPC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomal cyclophilin A as a novel noninvasive biomarker for Epstein‐Barr virus associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

et al. 2019

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“…Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the gamma herpesviruses and was the first confirmed human tumor virus (Ding et al, 2013;Lu et al, 2017). EBV ubiquitously infects more than 90% of the global population and is closely associated with the development of several malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) (Shair et al, 2008;Yu et al, 2012;Young, 2014;Young and Dawson, 2014;Liu et al, 2017). NPC, which is primarily of epithelial origin, is a type of metastatic head-and-neck neoplasm that is highly prevalent in southern China and some other areas in East Asia and Africa (Tang et al, 2016;Tu et al, 2017;Jiang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Recruits Cyclophilin A to Facilitate the Replication of Viral DNA Genome

Xin

Liu

et al. 2019

Front. Microbiol.

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)-mediated DNA episomal genome replication and persistence are essential for the viral pathogenesis. Cyclophilin A (CYPA) is upregulated in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with unknown roles. In the present approach, cytosolic CYPA was found to be bound with EBNA1 into the nucleus. The amino acid 376-459 of the EBNA1 domain was important for the binding. CYPA depletion attenuated and ectopic CYPA expression improved EBNA1 expression in EBV-positive cells. The loss of viral copy number was also accelerated by CYPA consumption in daughter cells during culture passages. Mechanistically, CYPA mediated the connection of EBNA1 with oriP (origin of EBV DNA replication) and subsequent oriP transcription, which is a key step for the initiation of EBV genome replication. Moreover, CYPA overexpression markedly antagonized the connection of EBNA1 to Ubiquitinspecific protease 7 (USP7), which is a strong host barrier with a role of inhibiting EBV genome replication. The PPIase activity of CYPA was required for the promotion of oriP transcription and antagonism with USP7. The results revealed a strategy that EBV recruited a host factor to counteract the host defense, thus facilitating its own latent genome replication. This study provides a new insight into EBV pathogenesis and potential virus-targeted therapeutics in EBV-associated NPC, in which CYPA is upregulated at all stages.

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“…ECVs are potent vehicles of intercellular communication to transmit biological signals between cells and they are characterized by a speci ic set of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids [384,386]. The 4 main types of ECVs are: exosomes which are the most widely studied type of ECVs, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and oncosomes [256,[385][386][387]. Classi ication of ECVs is based on their bio biophysiological properties including: size, cellular origin, molecular cargo, and biogenesis.…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VZV could utilize the alterations in host exosomes to: enhance spread of the virus, evade host immune surveillance, and elicit pathological effects within the host [390]. Exosomes are emerging as critical mediators of viral infection-associated intercellular communication and microenvironment alterations [387]. Exosomes represent a source of viral infection that can be used as: (1) biomarker of disease and (2) target for therapy in order to control or even eradicate viral infection [387,389].…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exosomes are emerging as critical mediators of viral infection-associated intercellular communication and microenvironment alterations [387]. Exosomes represent a source of viral infection that can be used as: (1) biomarker of disease and (2) target for therapy in order to control or even eradicate viral infection [387,389]. They can help to enhance immune responses of the host against pathogens by activating antiviral mechanisms.…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The beneficial effects of varicella zoster virus

Al-Anazi¹,

Wk²,

Al-Jasser³

2019

J Hematol Clin Res

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Varicella zoster virus behaves differently from other herpes viruses as it differs from them in many aspects. Recently, there has been growing evidence on the benefi cial effects of the virus in immune compromised hosts and these effects are translated into prolongation of survival. The reported benefi cial effects of the virus include: (1) stimulation of bone marrow activity in patients with hematologic malignancies and bone marrow failure syndromes, (2) antitumor effects in various hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, and (3) association with graft versus host disease which has anticancer effects. Additionally, there are several reports on the safety of the live-attenuated even in severely immune suppressed individuals and on the emerging role of the virus in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, the following aspects of the virus will be thoroughly discussed: (1) new data on the genetic background, pathogenesis, vaccination, and new therapeutic modalities; (2) bone marrow microenvironment and hematopoiesis; (3) cells involved in the pathogenesis of the virus such as: mesenchymal stem cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T-cells and mononuclear cells; (4) cellular proteins such as open reading frames, glycoproteins, promyelocytic leukemia protein, chaperons, and SUMOs; (5) extracellular vesicles, exosomes, and micro-RNAs; and (6) signaling pathways, cytokines, and interferons.

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Extracellular vesicles: novel vehicles in herpesvirus infection

Cited by 27 publications

References 65 publications

Exosomal cyclophilin A as a novel noninvasive biomarker for Epstein‐Barr virus associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Exosomal cyclophilin A as a novel noninvasive biomarker for Epstein‐Barr virus associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Recruits Cyclophilin A to Facilitate the Replication of Viral DNA Genome

The beneficial effects of varicella zoster virus

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