Extracting Insights from Prehistoric Andean Metallurgy: Political Organization, Interregional Connections, and Ritual Meanings

Zori, Colleen

doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09128-7

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…This coincides with the existence of a decentralized political power as witnessed in the Spanish chronicles from the 16th century [ 60 ]. As mentioned earlier, during the Late Horizon the Incas intervened in some local villages, but the main evidence for economic intervention is the expansion of metallurgical activities, as suggested by the Viña del Cerro foundry and the variety of Inca style bronze artifacts that have been found in the region [ 23 , 24 , 61 , 62 ]. Although more data is needed regarding the specific labor mechanisms used by the Incas to intensify mining and metallurgical production, the mobilization of large amounts of foreign population is unlikely in this scenario.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using oxygen 18 isotope to problematize the presence of resettled laborers in the far provinces of the Inca empire

Garrido¹,

Morales²

2020

PLoS ONE

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Resettlement, as a major imperial policy in the Inca empire, appears to have been a widespread mechanism for labor mobilization and the dismantling of rebellions. While multiple ethnohistorical references exist regarding resettlement in the central Andes, the extent of this policy in the imperial provinces is still unknown, especially in cases of economic intensification that might have required more labor force. The δ 18 O isotope is a good proxy for human mobility when comparing the childhood isotopic signature in the teeth enamel and the local water signature at the place of death. If applied to the study of an archaeological sequence, we can observe the expansion or reduction of a population’s displacement within a territory, if they received foreigners, and in general, how their social interaction and networks changed over time. In a marginal provincial setting of the Inca empire, such as Copiapó valley in Chile, the study of δ 18 O isotope can enable us to observe if the alleged economic intensification in metallurgical production implied the massive arrival of foreign populations. Significantly, the Late Horizon does not evidence a great change in terms of mobility, compared to previous periods in Copiapó valley. Thus, the isotopic evidence can more clearly illuminate the social and political dynamics of an imperial provincial setting, where economic activities demanded by the Inca state were mainly carried out by the local labor force.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using oxygen 18 isotope to problematize the presence of resettled laborers in the far provinces of the Inca empire

Garrido¹,

Morales²

2020

PLoS ONE

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“…Como mencionamos al principio, crisoles perforados como los de Los Nogales se registran en otros sitios en Chile y Argentina, todos asociados a actividades metalúrgicas (ver Figura 2): Rincón Chico y Quillay Wayras en el NOA; Pachimoco, Angualasto y Barrealito en el centro-oeste argentino; Tarapacá Viejo, Carrizalillo Grande, Iglesia Colorada y posiblemente Viña del Cerro en el norte de Chile (Niemeyer, 1979;L. R. González, 1997;Zori et al, 2012;Zori, 2019).…”

Section: Los Nogales Dentro Del Contexto Regionalunclassified

“…Las primeras evidencias se encuentran en la fase La Aguada (500-900 DC), asociadas al comienzo del uso del bronce y el desarrollo de complejas técnicas de fundido y modelado de piezas (L. R. González, , 2002aGonzález, , 2002bGonzález, , 2004González, , 2010. En Chile, tanto la aparición de los crisoles perforados como de cerámicas metalúrgicas cubiertas con pastas calcáreas está relacionada con la expansión del Tawantinsuyu, y serían los incas quienes habrían introducido esta tecnología en sitios como Tarapacá Viejo y Viña del Cerro (L. R. González, , 2010Zori et al, 2012;Zori, 2019). Dada la complejidad del sistema, se plantea que esta difusión tecnológica pudo incluir también el movimiento de expertos metalurgos y no solo de ideas o materiales (L. R. González, 2010).…”

Section: Los Nogales Dentro Del Contexto Regionalunclassified

Crisoles y moldes en Los Nogales

Plaza

Pavlovic²,

Martinón‐Torres

2021

Estud. atacameños

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La expansión del Tawantinsuyu en el Valle del Aconcagua (Chile central) fue culturalmente mediada y evitando la coerción militar, lo que derivó en distintas formas de aceptación, resistencia y aculturación. En este contexto, son casi inexistes los estudios que discutan cómo este proceso se manifestó en la tecnología metalúrgica del Período Tardío (ca. 1400-1530 DC). Esta investigación presenta los resultados del estudio tecnológico sobre un conjunto de crisoles y moldes encontrados en el sitio Los Nogales (valle del Aconcagua) y asociados a piezas metálicas hechas sobre la base de cobre, utilizando microscopía óptica, petrografía, SEM-EDS, XRD y FTIR. Nuestros resultados indican que las materias primas utilizadas fueron rocas ígneas obtenidas de depósitos probablemente locales, mezcladas con pequeñas cantidades de arcillas tipo esmectitas-montmorillonitas. En el caso de los moldes, estos además contenían hueso molido como antiplástico. Todas las cerámicas fueron cubiertas con una pasta de hueso puro para mejorar, entre otras cosas, su refractariedad. Las temperaturas de cocción se estimaron entre 800°-850°C para los moldes y superior a los 900°C para los crisoles. Tanto la tecnología utilizada, como la morfología de las piezas, sugieren que una tradición tecnológica originada en el noroeste Argentino fue introducida al valle del Aconcagua y aceptada por ciertas comunidades locales durante la expansión del Tawantinsuyu.

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“…1500 BC-400 AD) to the Inca Horizon (ca. 1400-1540 AD) [2][3][4]. Mining districts in the Atacama Desert were exploited by the Incas from the mid-15th century, who kept their technology and reorganised mining activity [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supergene Copper and the Ancient Mining Landscapes of the Atacama Desert: Refining the Protocol for the Study of Archaeological Copper Minerals through the Case Study of Pukara de Turi

et al. 2021

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Northern Chile is home to the world’s largest copper ore deposits, which have been exploited for thousands of years by different groups, at varying scales and for different purposes. In this context, it is important to develop new protocols to characterise the mineralogical variability of archaeological copper ores. A comprehensive and representative methodology in the analysis of minerals, the application of non-destructive analytical techniques, and the combination of insights from geological, archaeological and local knowledge are key to developing a copper mineral repository of the Atacama Desert area. Geochemical analyses were applied to the study of 568 samples from the archaeological site Pukara de Turi, with different techniques such as micro-XRF, XRD, QEMSCAN, Raman spectroscopy and technological studies. This exhaustive analysis allowed for the recognition of two mineralogical associations: atacamite/brochantite (99%) and azurite/chrysocolla (1%). The study of various minerals allows data to be interpreted more reliably and to trace the likely geological sources of these minerals. The azurite/chrysocolla samples appear to belong to the same mineral association found in the Cerro Verde district, which is probably the source of these samples. The atacamite/brochantite samples appear to come from more than one geological source, including, but not limited to, Chuquicamata-Radomiro Tomic and El Abra-Conchi.

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Extracting Insights from Prehistoric Andean Metallurgy: Political Organization, Interregional Connections, and Ritual Meanings

Cited by 15 publications

References 97 publications

Using oxygen 18 isotope to problematize the presence of resettled laborers in the far provinces of the Inca empire

Using oxygen 18 isotope to problematize the presence of resettled laborers in the far provinces of the Inca empire

Crisoles y moldes en Los Nogales

Supergene Copper and the Ancient Mining Landscapes of the Atacama Desert: Refining the Protocol for the Study of Archaeological Copper Minerals through the Case Study of Pukara de Turi

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