Extraction of diclofenac by SiO₂‐NH₂@Fe₃O₄ and its determination: Central composite design

Abstract

In this work, magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were prepared by simple co‐precipitation method in aqueous medium and then subsequently modified with tetraethyl orthosilicate and 3‐aminopropyl triethylenesilane. The properties of the particles were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The SiO2‐NH2@Fe3O4 particles were successfully applied to simultaneously enrich and separate diclofenac from water, urine, and plasma samples. The method, which takes the advantages of both nanoparticle adsorption and magnetic phase separation from the sample solution, could avoid some of the time‐consuming experimental procedures related to the traditional solid phase extraction. The main parameters affecting extraction and desorption efficiency such as pH, amount of SiO2‐NH2@Fe3O4, volume of desorption solvent, and extraction time were screened. The significant variables were optimized by using central composite design. At optimum conditions values of variables set as pH = 4, 10 mg SiO2‐NH2@Fe3O4, 0.5 mL methanol, and 15 min extraction time and then the extracted diclofenac were injected to HPLC for analysis. The linear response (r2 > 0.9992) was obtained in the range of 0.004–15 µg/mL with detection limit 0.0012 µg/mL and extraction recovery was in the range of 92–96% with RSD < 5% (n = 6).

Solid‐phase extraction of losartan and chlordiazepoxide from biological samples using sponge‐activated carbon

“…Several monitoring and optimization approaches have been used in extraction methods. Central composite design (CCD) is a versatile method that not only can investigate the effects of different factors on the extraction procedure concurrently but also can evaluate the interactions of parameters and, most importantly, predict actual optimum values of factors [19][20][21][22].…”