In‐syringe ionic liquid‐dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with HPLC for the determination of trans,trans‐muconic acid in human urine sample

Abstract

trans,trans‐Muconic acid has been widely used as a biomarker in biological monitoring of benzene‐exposed workers during routine occupational health services. In the present study, a novel microextraction technique, in‐syringe ionic liquid‐dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, was implemented for preconcentration of trans,trans‐muconic acid followed by analytical determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Moreover, the important variables affecting the performance of applied microextraction technique including needle diameter, volume of the spiked sample, volume of the ionic liquid, salt addition, rotation speed of centrifugation, centrifuge time, and ultrasonic time were optimized by experimental design. A good linear relationship was observed at the range of 0.032–10 μg/mL between the peak area and the concentration levels (R2 = 0.9997). The limit of detection and extraction recovery for trans,trans‐muconic acid were 0.011 μg/mL and >96.2%, respectively. This method provided easy and rapid analysis of low amounts of trans,trans‐muconic acid in human urine with simple equipment.

Microextraction techniques for occupational biological monitoring: Basic principles, current applications and future perspectives

“…Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and its modifications have been developed and used for the determination of occupational indicators, including c‐DLLME (Bedoya et al, 2015; Denghel & Goen, 2021; Er et al, 2018; Gu et al, 2020; Gupta et al, 2015; Mohammadzaheri et al, 2020; Mudiam et al, 2013; Ramin et al, 2019; Ramin Sabet et al, 2018), VA‐DLLME (Akramipour et al, 2018), UA‐DLLME (Singh et al, 2021), PDLLME (Rismanchian et al, 2019), ILDLLME (Abbaszadeh et al, 2021; Khan et al, 2018; Ren et al, 2020; Shirkhanloo et al, 2015; Wang, Gu, et al, 2020), MC‐DLLME (Cao et al, 2020) and SFOD‐DLLME (Dehghani et al, 2021; Pourbakhshi et al, 2021). These methods are for both organic compounds such as muconic acid, hippuric acid, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bisphenols and some pesticides (Abbaszadeh et al, 2021; Gu et al, 2020; Gupta et al, 2015; Mohammadzaheri et al, 2020; Mudiam et al, 2013; Ramin et al, 2019; Ramin Sabet et al, 2018; Rismanchian et al, 2019; Singh et al, 2021) as well as metals such as cobalt (Er et al, 2018), cadmium (Khan et al, 2018) and chromium (Pourbakhshi et al, 2021) (Table 2). These techniques provide a simple, rapid, sensitive and green extractions for the above‐mentioned analytes.…”

“…It is important to highlight those studies that are truly inventive and have made a substantial advancement to the field and positively impacted subsequent studies. In Tables 1 and 2 the novel techniques are MEPS (Kurd et al, 2022, Moein, El‐Beqqali, et al, 2014, Pirmohammadi et al, 2020, Soleimani et al, 2017a), SPME (Baile et al, 2018; Ghafari et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2013), NTD (Rahimpoor et al, 2021a; Saedi et al, 2020; Ueta et al, 2009; Zeverdegani et al, 2014), DLLME (Abbaszadeh et al, 2021; Akramipour et al, 2018; Cao et al, 2020; Dehghani et al, 2021; Shirkhanloo et al, 2015), VALLME (Machado et al, 2019), HF‐LPME (Lin et al, 2011), EME (Lin et al, 2011) and SDME (Mafra et al, 2021). Among sorbent‐based METs, novel sorbents such as MIPs, COFs and MOFs (in MEPS), ZSM‐5 zeolite and carbon aerogel and polystyrene mixture (in SPME), and MILs, COFs and copolymers of methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (in NTD) have been used for OBM.…”

Solidified floating organic droplet microextraction coupled with HPLC for rapid determination of trans, trans muconic acid in benzene biomonitoring

“…Up to now, various modern, high-throughput, miniaturized sample preparation techniques coupled with analytical instruments have been introduced for trace monitoring of t,t-MA in urine samples 17 – 19 . Due to low organic solvent consumption and high preconcentration factor, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and dispersive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) methods are among the most popular methods.…”

Switchable hydrophilic solvent‐based dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four types of sulfonylurea herbicides in soils

“…Recently, novel extractants containing ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, switchable hydrophilic solvents (SHS) have been widely applied in DLPME. Based on different types of extractants, new DLPME methods have been developed, including deep eutectic solvent-DLLME [22][23], ionic liquid-DLLME [24], SHS-LPME [25][26].…”