Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from highly contaminated soils using microwave energy

Barnabas, Ian J.; Dean, John R.; Fowlis, Ian A.; Owen, Susan P.

doi:10.1039/an9952001897

Cited by 113 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Barnabas et al [39], Hasty and Revesz [40] and Chee et al [41] have also shown that extraction time is not a significant parameter (respectively between 5 and 20 minutes for PAH extraction from a soil, between 5 and 30 minutes for total petroleum hydrocarbon extraction from a soil, and between 5 and 15 minutes for PAH extraction from a certified sediment).…”

Section: Influence Of Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hasty and Revesz [40] have determined the temperature of 150 °C as optimum (study between 125 and 160 °C) for total petroleum hydrocarbon extraction in soil. Barnabas et al [39] have shown that the temperature (between 40 °C and 120 °C) is not a significant parameter for PAH extraction in soil.…”

Section: Influence Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the extraction of a certified sediment (SRM 1941a, NIST), better recoveries are obtained with dichloromethane that with a mixture of hexane/acetone (1/1, v/v), but the results remain lower than certified values [44]. Barnabas et al [39] have shown that the microwave assisted extraction recovery of PAHs is satisfying with dichloromethane or a mixture of hexane/acetone (2/8, v/v) by comparison with Soxhlet extraction. The extraction recovery can be improved with the use of pure acetone for one soil but remains the same for other soils.…”

Section: Influence Of Nature and Volume Of Solventmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But the choice depends on matrix nature and on the difficulty to extract the analyte. Molins et al [53] The study of influence of solvent volume by experimental design has shown that this factor is not significant for PAH extraction in sediment and soil [39][40][41].…”

Section: Original Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more polar solvent such as acetonitrile allows better recoveries at 50 and 115 °C. For the extraction of a certified sediment (SRM 1941a, NIST) The study of influence of solvent volume by experimental design has shown that this factor is not significant for PAH extraction in sediment and soil [39][40][41]. …”

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Microwave assisted extraction of organic compounds

1999

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Abstract. Microwave energy has been developed recently for the extraction of organic compounds from environmental matrices after its use in inorganic chemistry for trace metal analysis. The development in microwave techniques has occurred because of a need for a rapid, safe and cheap method. Conventional techniques for the extraction of solid matrices (such as Soxhlet) are time and solvent consuming and the analysis of numerous samples in environmental studies is limited by the extraction step. This review recalls the importance of the extraction step in the analytical procedure for the analysis of organic contaminants and the principles of extraction of solid matrices (sediment, soil, air particulate matter...). The theory of microwave heating is summarised and the microwave ovens used in analytical chemistry are described. Then, the review attempts to summarise all the studies about microwave assisted extraction for organic contaminants, on one hand in multimode microwave ovens in closed vessels and on the other hand in focused microwave ovens at atmospheric pressure. The microwave assisted extraction methods of volatile compounds are summarised. Finally, advantages of methods compared to conventional extraction are discussed.Key words. Microwave -extraction -organic contaminants. Analusis, 1999, 27, 259-271 © EDP Sciences, Wiley-VCH 1999 * Correspondence and reprints. Received October 20, 1998 revised December 09, 1999; accepted January 19, 1999. Article available at http://analusis.edpsciences.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/analusis:1999116 soils, air particulate matter...). The theory of microwave heating is summarised and the microwave ovens used in analytical chemistry are described. Then, the review attempts to summarise all the studies about microwave assisted extraction of non and semi-volatile organic contaminants, on one hand in multimode microwave oven in closed vessels and on the other hand in focused microwave ovens at atmospheric pressure. The influence of parameters such as time, temperature, power, nature of solvent, nature of matrix, moisture content and the stability of compounds are discussed. The microwave assisted extraction methods of volatile compounds are summarised. Finally, advantages of these methods compared to conventional extraction are reviewed. Importance of the extraction step in the analytical procedureNatural samples can rarely be used in their raw state. Their nature must be compatible with the detection method. The analysis of organic contaminants requires pre-treatment of the sample. Different steps of sampling, extraction and purification are necessary before the determination and the quantification of individual compounds.The principal step of the sample treatment is the extraction of analytes from matrix, which consists of transfer of the compounds into a solvent. Extraction is rarely selective. The raw extract is then constituted of studied compounds at trace level but also of co-extracted compounds (endogenous compounds, macromolecules, other contaminants...)...

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Section: Influence Of Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Nature and Volume Of Solventmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Original Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwave assisted extraction of organic compounds

1999

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Optimization of microwave assisted solvent extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from marine sediments

Carro¹,

Saavedra²,

Garcı́a³

et al. 1999

J. Micro. Sep.

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Optimization of Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction of DDT and Derivatives from Soil Samples

Zuloaga

Etxebarria

Fernández

et al. 2000

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

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Optimization of focused microwave (FMW)‐assisted extraction of 4,4′‐DDE, 4,4′‐DDD, and 4,4′‐DDT from soil samples was carried out using central composite designs. All the extracts were analyzed with GC/MS and some of them also with GC/AED using columns of different polarities for each of the techniques. The extraction of the analytes was carried out in two ways: with acetic acid as microwave radiation absorbent solvent and n‐decane to concentrate the analytes and with reagent water and iso‐octane as solvents. In the first case, the influence of the extraction temperature, the extraction time, and the addition of sodium chloride were studied and the optimum conditions for the extraction of 1 g of soil with 5 mL of acetic acid and 2 mL of n‐decane were 1.30 mol L–1 sodium chloride at 98°C for 9.3 min. In the second case, the temperature was kept constant (94°C) and the influence of the concentration of sodium chloride and the extraction time were studied. The optimum conditions were 5 mL of a 2.0 mol L–1 sodium chloride together with 2 mL of iso‐octane for 15 min. The recoveries obtained by water‐FMW extraction were significantly lower than those obtained by the acetic acid‐FMW procedure. These last recoveries were in good agreement with those obtained by closed microwave assisted‐extraction with acetone‐n‐hexane as solvent.

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Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from highly contaminated soils using microwave energy

Cited by 113 publications

References 8 publications

Microwave assisted extraction of organic compounds

Microwave assisted extraction of organic compounds

Optimization of microwave assisted solvent extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from marine sediments

Optimization of Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction of DDT and Derivatives from Soil Samples

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