“Extractive Industry, Policy Innovations, and Civil Society Movement in Southeast Asia: An Introduction”

Abstract

Said innovative policy and influencing movements, the circumstance of governing natural resources has been changing in the last decade. Along with the wave of democratization in the late 1990s, the global norms of transparency and accountability reach new leverage today, including in Southeast Asia. The norms ignite the active participation of civil societies in controlling extractive governance – a praxis that never been occurred in two or three decades ago. Meanwhile, the governments require people active participation to advance people trust and political legitimation. Innovative policy and influencing movements stand at the central argumentations of this book. Perceive as an introduction, this book denotes contributions on the extractive industry governance by using the lenses of civil society movements to acquaint intricacy of the sectors. There is a “resource curse” or paradox of plenty refers to the paradox that countries with an abundance of natural resources tend to have less economic growth and worse development outcomes. Therefore, the civil engagement has been perceived as a tool to ensure the benefit of extractive industries run for the greatest benefit of the people, as well as mitigates the risk and undesirable impacts of the extractive operations.Throughout the selected articles, the book addresses on how civil societies engage in the extractive industries governance and through what mechanisms. Instead of outlining resource revenues management as the crucial aspects to be monitored by the citizens, this book rather highlights political perspective to challenge conventional understanding that extractive industries are pure – exclusively – economic affairs. The analysis convinces that extractive industry is highly political since they draw elites into the core decision-making. The high intensity of money and high technology within sectors subsequently renders those activities beyond the reach of the public. Thus, strong civil societies with the active participation are required to undermine oligarch notions and miss use power of the extractive sectors.The discussion of civil society engagements in this book is divided into process and results. The selected cases depict experiences from the local, national, and transnational contexts enrich the discussion and provide civil society movements in a broader sense. The multi-governance perspectives are used to picture the multiple factors enabling the movements, including various challenges and opportunities for the engagements. The elaboration on the book’s content will become the entry point to the more critical discussion in the subsequent of this review.

Conditions of Sustainable Welfare: A Cross-Case Empirical Analysis of 22 Locality-Based Welfare Systems in Decentralised Indonesia

“…Second, central directives, such as budget repurposing during the COVID-19 pandemic, disrupt local policy implementation due to conflicting priorities. Third, national priority programmes and centralised control over land and natural resources for state-sponsored economic activities, including extractive industries, impact village policy implementation and society's life in various ways [84].…”

“…The prevalent state-sponsored extractive activities highlight the need for empowering village consultative bodies and local multistakeholder forums to mitigate the social, economic, and environmental impacts of these activities. These bodies play a crucial role in shaping the community's vision and plan for future development through dialogues, consultations, negotiations, devising concrete agreements, joint strategies, and making mutual decisions among community groups [84,86]. While Indonesia has committed to international safeguard principles and initiatives, including EITI (The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, and the FPIC (Free, Prior and Informed Consent) principle, the adaptation of these norms to the decentralised context, especially within the village governance framework, seems elusive.…”