Extractive–Oxidative Desulfurization of Real and Model Gasoline Using (gly)₃H[SiW₁₂O₄₀]⊂CoFe₂O₄ as a Recoverable and Efficient Nanocatalyst

Abstract

For manufacturing of clean gasoline with a lower S content (e.g., S <10 ppm), glycine-modified polyoxotungstate ((gly) 3 H[SiW 12 O 40 ]) was immobilized on cobalt ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanoceramics via the sol−gel method and employed as an efficient recyclable nanocatalyst in an extractive−oxidative desulfurization (EODS) system. The synthesized (gly) 3 H-[SiW 12 O 40 ]⊂CoFe 2 O 4 nanocatalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The optimum conditions for the reaction are given as follows: 50 mL of model and real gasoline, 0.10 g of (gly) 3 H[SiW 12 O 40 ]⊂CoFe 2 O 4 nanocatalyst, 60 min reaction time, 35 °C reaction temperature, 3 mL of AcOH/ H 2 O 2 (V/V ratio of 1:2) as an oxidant system, and 10 mL of CH 3 CN solvent as an extractant. Based on optimization results under the mentioned conditions and the proposed EODS system, the removal efficiency (%) of the model fuel utilizing the (gly) 3 H[SiW 12 O 40 ]⊂CoFe 2 O 4 nanocatalyst can reach 98% with stable reusability up to five times without a noticeable decrease in its catalytic activity. Correspondingly, 0.4986 ppm S content in real gasoline could decline to 0.0145 ppm with a removal yield of 96% under identical conditions. Also, the kinetics of the EODS reactions was found to be pseudo-first order, and the EODS mechanism was put forward through the generation of a peroxometalate intermediate complex with phase transfer properties. The present research shows that liquid fuels can be purified into ultralow-sulfur fuels through highly oxidative desulfurization via the (gly) 3 H[SiW 12 O 40 ]⊂CoFe 2 O 4 nanocatalyst after the EODS process.

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Nanocatalyst Based on Keggin-Type Polyoxovanadate/Nickel-Zinc Oxide, PV14/NiZn2O4, as a Potential Material for Deep Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuels

“…The values of E a (kJ/mol) for DBT, BT, and TH were determined to be 63.92, 59.55, and 63.36, respectively . The determined E a values exhibit a satisfactory level of consistency with the literature values reported for the Cat-ODS of real gasoline and thiophenic model fuels. , K = A e ^ − E normala / R T where E a is the activation energy (kJ/mol), A is the Arrhenius coefficient, R is the gas constant (kJ/mol·K), T is the temperature (Kelvin), and k is the rate constant (min –1 ). The findings from the conducted kinetic investigations reveal that the elimination of DBT compounds through the HDS technique is typically challenging.…”

“…74 The determined E a values exhibit a satisfactory level of consistency with the literature values reported for the Cat-ODS of real gasoline and thiophenic model fuels. 75,76 K Ae E RT / a = ^( 9)…”

Marine carrageenan‐based NiO nanocatalyst in solvent‐free synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives

“…Likewise, the use of eco-friendly NiO NPs compared with other common and commercial catalysts has advantages such as safety and compatibility with the environment. 6 Next, different concentrations of the catalyst were used in the four-component model reaction. According to the obtained results, the highest product yield (96%) was obtained when the NiO@κ-Car nanocatalyst operated at an optimal concentration of 0.1 g (0.001 mol).…”

“…This result is consistent with the literature report. 6 After optimizing the reaction conditions, derivatives of PHQ compounds were synthesized by nickel oxide nanocatalysts in solvent-free conditions (Table 3). The F I G U R E 7 Thermal gravimetric analyzer and differential thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) analysis of calcined NiO@κ-Car NPs.…”

“…In addition, nanoscale catalysts can be easily dispersed in various liquids and gases, making them highly versatile and applicable in fields such as environmental remediation, chemical synthesis, and energy conversion. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] They can be made from a variety of materials, including metals, metal oxides (such as platinum, iron oxide and palladium), and other materials (e.g., inorganic-organic hybrid nanocomposite, carbon nanotubes, and graphene). 11 Among metal oxides, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) are important non-toxic semiconductors that have significant optical, electronic, and magnetic properties.…”