Extralaryngeal divisions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Análise quantitativa das fibras mielínicas dos nervos laríngeos em humanos de acordo com a idade

“…In our method we used previously reported parameters, such as the level at which SLNs were seccioned, 18,34 the preparation of material and the morphometric analysis. The choice of site for harvesting the RLN was based on anatomical studies 22,35 and on proof of altered morphometric features, depending on the section level. [40][41][42] analysis revealed that the total number of fibers in the group aged below 60 years was higher compared to the elderly group (p=0.0006); multiple comparisons of 1-3μm diameter myelin fibers showed a significant difference between age groups (p<0.007).…”

“…18,34 The RLN fragment was harvested 4cm from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage; this site was chosen due to the increased possibility of harvesting all of the branches that innervate the larynx. 22,35 The harvesting procedure included sectioning the nerve fragments cross-sectionally (perpendicular to the length axis of the nerve), making it possible to quantify the following morphometric measures: intraperineural cross-sectional area (representative of the number of myelin fibers) and the number and diameter of myelin fibers. Fragments were fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution at 2.5% plus paraformaldehyde at 2% in a sodium cacodylate 0.1 M buffer solution at pH 7.4 (modified by Karnovsky, 1965),36 post-fixed in osmium tetroxide at 2% in a sodium cacodylate 0,1 M buffer solution at pH 7.4, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol, and included in an Araldite 502÷-type resin.…”

“…15 There are few studies on the effect of aging on laryngeal nerves; [16][17][18][19][20] most of the papers on laryngeal innervation restrict themselves to purely anatomical issues. [21][22][23][24] Generally speaking, these papers state that the larynx is innervated by the vagus nerve through the following branches: the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).…”

A variant nerve that mimics the left recurrent laryngeal nerve: a case study in human anatomy

“…King and Gregg (1948) suggested that variant vocal cord paralysis could be explained by the presence of adductor (anterior) and abductor (posterior) branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Furthermore, Nemiroff and Katz (1982) found that the posterior branches were frequently smaller than the anterior branches; this in turn increases the possibility that these smaller branches-which innervate the all-important posterior cricoarytenoid muscles-can be overlooked or inadvertently injured during thyroid surgery, potentially leading to transient or permanent vocal cord paralysis (Nemiroff and Katz, 1982). The small but crucial posterior branches of the RLN will be especially vulnerable if they originate outside the larynx; as early as 1948, King and Gregg noted that the branches of the RLN were relatively safe from surgical injury above the inferior margin of the thyroid cartilage.…”

CO 2 laser subtotal arytenoidectomy and posterior true and false cordotomy in the treatment of post-thyroidectomy bilateral laryngeal fixation in adduction

“…), but often simply to stretching, compression or ischemia of the recurrent nerves [9,14,15,44,49,53]. Terminal branches of the recurrent nerves can show very different anatomical configurations [30,33,45,46,55], as illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, while "non-recurrent" nerves ( Fig.…”