Extraocular Infections in Children in Areas with Endemic Trachoma

Malaty, R.; Zaki, Salma Hassan; Said, Mohyi-Eldin; Vastine, David W.; Dawson, Deborah; Schachter, Julius

doi:10.1093/infdis/143.6.853

Cited by 42 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…One potential source of infection is obviously the ocular and nasal secretions of preschool children (16,81,82). Decreasing the presence of these secretions by improving facial cleanliness may lessen the likelihood of transmission.…”

Section: Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In trachoma-endemic areas, children with active ocular Chlamydia infection are also likely to have extraocular chlamydial infections (81,82). Autoreinfection from extraocular sources of Chlamydia infection may be one source of transmission and may explain why treatment with topical antibiotic ointment is effective for only a short time.…”

Section: Extraocular Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trachoma: The Forgotten Cause of Blindness

Muñoz

West

1997

Epidemiologic Reviews

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Section: Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extraocular Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trachoma: The Forgotten Cause of Blindness

Muñoz

West

1997

Epidemiologic Reviews

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“…Like other Chlamydia ocular infections, the portrayal of trachoma as a superficial conjunctival inflammation is no longer valid [16,20]. Although the causative agent has been well studied, the pathogenesis and extent of tissue involvement of trachoma are not well understood [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of Azithromycinin Rabbit Lacrimal Glands and Conjunctiv a

Karcioglu

Ahmed²,

Raines³

et al. 1998

Ophthalmic Res

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Purpose and Background: To measure azithromycin levels in rabbit lacrimal and Harder glands, conjunctiva and plasma after a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg. Drug levels in lacrimal gland tissue are significant in trachoma because the gland may be involved in the disease process and it is the source of tears by which the drug is carried to the external eye. Methods: Lacrimal and Harder glands, conjunctiva and plasma were collected from New Zealand white female rabbits at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 h following a single oral dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg). Azithromycin levels in tissue and plasma were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) electrochemical detection. Results: Azithromycin levels peaked within the first 24 h in all tissues and plasma assayed. The highest concentration was in the lacrimal gland (6.2 µg/g, SD ± 0.8), followed by Harder gland (4.4 µg/g, SD ± 0.8), conjunctiva (0.9 µg/g, SD ± 0.5) and plasma (0.06 µg/g, SD ± 0.03). These concentrations reached their lowest measured levels at 120 and 144 h. Conclusion: Azithromycin levels measured throughout the 144 h after dosing were consistently above the minimum inhibitory range (MIC) for Chlamydia trachomatis (0.03–0.25 µg/ml) in the lacrimal glands, while the conjunctiva maintained a concentration above the MIC for 96 h and stayed within MIC levels for 144 h.

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“…32 While all these approaches are effective in the short term, a long-lasting effect has not been attained when antibiotics are used as the only mode of control of active disease. [33][34][35] Although the precise reasons for re-emergent trachoma following community-based treatment are unknown, several likely sources exist: first, compliance with treatment is never 100% in the community, especially with topical tetracycline. In studies of community-based treatment, compliance with treatment was a main predictor of no infection and resolution of disease at follow up.…”

Section: Review Of the Safe Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Blinding Trachoma: Prevention With the Safe Strategy

West

2003

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Trachoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, differentially affects the poorest communities, which may have the least access to resources. With the establishment of the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020) goal, the World Health Organization has set an ambitious target for country programs. The currently recommended surgery for trichiasis/entropion, antibiotics for active disease, facial cleanliness, and environmental change to reduce transmission (SAFE) strategy targets all key elements believed to be necessary for a short-and long-term intervention program. This report reviews the need for a multi-faceted strategy, and the evidence supporting the elements of SAFE. Concerns about the implementation are discussed. Additional research is suggested that will enhance the implementation of the SAFE strategy. In the current climate of significant political and social momentum for trachoma control, the SAFE strategy is a safe bet to accomplish the elimination of blinding trachoma.

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Extraocular Infections in Children in Areas with Endemic Trachoma

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Trachoma: The Forgotten Cause of Blindness

Trachoma: The Forgotten Cause of Blindness

Pharmacokinetics of Azithromycinin Rabbit Lacrimal Glands and Conjunctiv a

Blinding Trachoma: Prevention With the Safe Strategy

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