Extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled fine and ultrafine particles via direct and alveolar macrophage-associated routes

Abstract

Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles from the lungs into the blood may impair cardiovascular function. We administered ultrafine (20-nm) and fine (200-nm) gold colloid or fluorescein-labeled polystyrene particles to mice intratracheally and examined their localization in the lung and extrapulmonary organs. Fifteen minutes after instillation, dispersed and agglomerated 20-nm gold colloid particles were observed on the surface of endothelial cells, on the alveolar surface, in endocytotic vesicles of alveolar epithelial cells, and in the basement membrane of the lung. A small but noteworthy amount of gold was detected in the liver, kidney, spleen, and heart by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. After administration of 20- or 200-nm fluorescent particles, free particles were detected infrequently in blood vessels, on the endocardial surface, and in the kidney and liver only in the mice that received 20-nm particles, whereas phagocytes containing 20- or 200-nm particles were found in the extrapulmonary tissues. Fluorescent particle-laden alveolar macrophages administered intratracheally translocated from alveoli to extrapulmonary organs via the blood circulation. Thus, small amounts of ultrafine particles are transported across the alveolar wall into the blood circulation via endocytotic pathways, but particle-laden alveolar macrophages translocate both ultrafine and fine particles from the lungs to the extrapulmonary organs.

Evaluation of Analytical and Preliminary Clinical Performance of Myconostica MycAssay Aspergillus When Testing Serum Specimens for Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis

“…A low circulating burden may be a consequence of testing blood specimens to monitor for a disease that in its initial stages will be focused in the respiratory tract, and for saprophytic diseases (i.e., aspergilloma), assay sensitivity has been shown to be compromised (24). Invasive disease progresses through tissue and angioinvasion, providing a target in the bloodstream (fungal cell-associated and free DNA [see below]) that may be enhanced by the detection of conidia phagocytosed in alveolar macrophages that have been translocated into the circulation, a pathway that has been determined using macrophages containing fluorescent particles (7). Nevertheless, as a true fungemia is unlikely with IA, the burden in blood will be low and transient, requiring frequent screening to provide sensitivity.…”

Preliminary study to explore gene-PM2.5 interactive effects on respiratory system in traffic policemen

“…However, the biological mechanisms linking PM and cardiopulmonary diseases are still unclear. Because of their small size, PM 2.5 is inhaled deeply into the lungs, with a portion depositing in the alveoli and entering the pulmonary circulation and presumably the systemic circulation [30]. In Shanghai City, PM 2.5 air pollution is far in excess of the American air quality standards of 35 μg/m 3 (24 h averaging time) and the WHO air quality guideline ≤ 70% and FEV 1 /FVC (%) > 70% group.…”

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha as Biomarkers of Exposure to Indoor Pollutants Among Primary School Children in Klang Valley

“…Due to this concern, they are generally considered to be more toxic and have a higher chance of penetrating the deepest region. Besides that, they are able to enter the systemic circulation, thus, enhances greater effect on AMs (Furuyama et al, 2009;Scherbart et al, 2011). Because of their smaller size, this fine particles tend to remain in the air for long periods of time and may be transported for hundreds (or thousands) of miles (Brook et al, 2010), thus are continuously inhaled by the school children.…”