Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective

Abstract

Homeopathy is controversial because medicines in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge dilution factors (10⁶⁰ and 10⁴⁰⁰ respectively) which are many orders of magnitude greater than Avogadro's number, so that theoretically there should be no measurable remnants of the starting materials. No hypothesis which predicts the retention of properties of starting materials has been proposed nor has any physical entity been shown to exist in these high potency medicines. Using market samples of metal-derived medicines from reputable manufacturers, we have demonstrated for the first time by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and chemical analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the presence of physical entities in these extreme dilutions, in the form of nanoparticles of the starting metals and their aggregates.

Palmar and plantar psoriasis and homeopathy – Case reports

“…What appears to be known is that highly diluted solutions emanate electromagnetic signals that mimic that of the original solute and that the water molecules in which the solute was originally dissolved form nanoparticles that appear to be identical to the original solute molecule [16,17]. These nanoparticles may then act to ameliorate the disease.…”

Homeopathy—A Regulation Therapy Healing Hypo- or Hyper-functions of Pathological Pathways by Magnetic Photons according to the Resonance Principle

“…Other authors as Bellavite et al [16] discussed the biochemical structure and pharmacological reactions as the cause of the efficacy of homeopathy; however the "inverse reaction" is not understood: that a toxin is able to poison a biochemical pathway and to cure as a highly potentized remedy the pathological pathway. Also nanoparticles [17] were the subjects in many conversations about the efficacy of homeopathy. In general, it is a mixture between toxicological and biochemical effects which do neither explain the potency levels nor the homeopathic proving and the curing effect of homeopathy.…”

A review of use of enantiomers in homeopathy

“…The preparation of potency was the same as for the experiments with Pseudomonas. The potency used was diluted beyond Avogadro's number, and therefore it is unlikely that the dilution contains even a single molecule of D-glutamic acid unless recent work reported by Chikramane et al is correct; however, it is uncertain how these findings in metals can be extrapolated to organic starting materials [34]. Further, the Chikramane findings are relevant if one samples from the top of the fluid in a test tube; this would be an unusual and awkward practice for the production of homeopathic medicines in our experiments, making it difficult to avoid sucking up air into the pipettes during preparation of test solutions.…”