Extreme Inequality: Evidence from Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa

Assouad, Lydia; Chancel, Lucas; Morgan, Marc

doi:10.1257/pandp.20181076

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Furthermore, growth often discriminates: in India, disadvantaged social groups (Hindu lower castes and Muslims) came to represent 55 percent of the poor in 2011-up from 44 percent in 1983. 3 Assouad, Chancel, and Morgan (2018) provide congruent evidence for high-poverty middle-income Brazil and South Africa.…”

Section: Can We Rely On Growth To End Poverty?mentioning

confidence: 80%

Ending Global Poverty: Why Money Isn’t Enough

Page

Pande²

2018

Journal of Economic Perspectives

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Between 1981 and 2013, the share of the global population living in extreme poverty fell by 34 percentage points. This paper argues that such rapid reductions will become increasingly hard to achieve for two reasons. First, the majority of the poor now live in middle-income countries where the benefits of growth have often been distributed selectively and unequally. Second, a reservoir of extreme poverty remains in low-income countries where growth is erratic and aid often fails to reach the poor. If the international community is to most effectively leverage available resources to end extreme poverty, it must ensure that its investments in institutions and physical infrastructure actually provide the poor the capabilities they need to craft an effective pathway out of poverty. We term the human and social systems that are required to form this pathway “invisible infrastructure” and argue that an effective domestic state is central to building this. By corollary, ending extreme poverty will require both expanding state capacity and giving the poor power to demand reforms they need by solving agency problems between citizens, politicians, and bureaucrats.

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Section: Can We Rely On Growth To End Poverty?mentioning

confidence: 80%

Ending Global Poverty: Why Money Isn’t Enough

Page

Pande²

2018

Journal of Economic Perspectives

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“…The extreme inequalities observed in Brazil, India and South Africa, as well as in Middle East countries, hinder social mobility, access to quality education and productivity. Their causes vary widely, but issues deeply rooted in societies, such as racism and racial segregation, the institutionalization of a caste system, excessive deregulation and the excessive exploitation of natural resources, are important determinants for these results [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From income inequality to social inequity: impact on health levels in an international efficiency comparison panel

Schenkman

Bousquat

2021

BMC Public Health

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Background Health equity, although addressed in several publications dealing with health efficiency analysis, is not easily translated into the operationalization of variables, mainly due to technical difficulties. Some studies provide evidence that it does not influence health outcomes; others demonstrate that its effect is an indirect one, with the hegemony of material living conditions over its social connotation. The aim of this article is to evaluate the role of health equity in determining health outcomes, in an international comparative analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of health systems. Method Fixed Effects Model Panel and Data Envelopment Analysis, a dynamic and network model, in addition to comparative analysis between methods and health impacts. The effect variables considered in the study were life expectancy at birth and infant mortality, in 2010 and 2015, according to the sociocultural regions of the selected countries. Inequity was assessed both economically and socially. The following dimensions were considered: physical and financial resources, health production (access, coverage and prevention) and intersectoral variables: demographic, socioeconomic, governance and health risks. Results Both methods demonstrated that countries with higher inequity levels (regarding income, education and health dimensions), associated or not with poverty, are the least efficient, not reaching the potential for effective health outcomes. The outcome life expectancy at birth exhibited, in the final model, the following variables: social inequity and per capita health expenditure. The outcome infant mortality comprehended the level of education variable, in association with the following healthcare variabels: care seeking due to diarrhea in children under five, births attended by skilled health professionals and the reduction in the incidence of HIV. Conclusion The dissociation between the distribution of health outcomes and the overall level of health of the population characterizes a devastating political choice for society, as it is associated with high levels of segregation, disrespect and violence from within. Countries should prioritize health equity, adding value to its resources, since health inequties affect society altogether, generating mistrust and reduced social cohesion.

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“…In addition, the elite is almost homogeneously White (Zizzamia et al 2019). Similarly, Assouad et al (2018) show that the legacy of the apartheid system in South Africa is a society characterized by a dualistic structure and absence of a broad middle class comparable in size to that in high-income countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%