Extreme risk protection orders in response to threats of multiple victim/mass shooting in six U.S. states: A descriptive study

Zeoli, April M.; Frattaroli, Shannon; Barnard, Leslie M.; Bowen, A.; Christy, A.; Easter, Michele M.; Kapoor, Reena; Knoepke, Christopher E.; Ma, Wanhong; Molocznik, Amy; Norko, Michael A.; Omaki, Elise; Paruk, Jennifer; Pear, Veronica A.; Rowhani‐Rahbar, Ali; Schleimer, Julia P.; Swanson, Jeffrey W.; Wintemute, Garen J.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107304

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Domestic violence appears to be highly correlated with mass shootings (Geller et al., 2021) if mass shootings are not limited to events that occur in a public space. Perpetrators of mass shootings frequently reveal their intentions to other people (Peterson et al., 2021) and often purchase firearms for the explicit purpose of committing mass murder (Silver et al., 2018; Zeoli et al., 2022).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the risk of mass shootings at specific locations

Lei,

MacKenzie

2023

Risk Analysis

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Mass shootings are horrific events that annually take scores of innocent lives in the United States. Federal, state, and local governments as well as educational, religious, and private‐sector organizations propose and enact polices and strategies to protect people from and during active shooter situations. A probabilistic risk assessment of a mass shooting for a specific organization, jurisdiction, or location can be the first step toward evaluating the effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies and determining which strategies might be most appropriate for a location. This article proposes a novel hierarchical method to assess the probability of a mass shooting at specific locations based on available historical data. First, the method generates a probability distribution over the annual number of mass shootings in the United States. Second, the article uses this national number of mass shootings to determine the risk for each state. Third, the state risk assessment is decomposed to calculate the probability of a mass shooting in a specific location such as a school. Multiple ways to assess the risk are presented, leading to slightly different probability assessments for a location. Results indicate that annual probability of a mass shooting in the largest high school in California is on the order of , and the annual probability of a mass shooting in the largest high school in Iowa is about half as likely as in the California school.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the risk of mass shootings at specific locations

Lei,

MacKenzie

2023

Risk Analysis

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“… 11 More recent data from California, Washington, Colorado, Connecticut, Maryland, and Florida show that approximately 10 percent of ERPOs are being used in response to mass casualty-shooting threats. 12 …”

Section: Suicide and Extreme Risk Protection Order (Erpo) Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing the Roles of Clinicians and Police in Separating Firearms from People in a Dangerous Mental Health Crisis: Legal Rules, Policy Tools, and Ethical Considerations

Vitiello

Roskam

Swanson

2023

J. Law. Med. Ethics

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In COVID’s immediate wake, the 2020 death toll from a different enemy of the public’s health — gun violence — ticked up by 15 percent in the United States from the previous year. Meanwhile, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion in Caniglia v. Strom that will allow people who have recently threatened suicide — with a gun — to keep unsecured guns in their home unless police take time to obtain a search warrant to remove them.

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“…Research has shown how ERPOs have been used in efforts to prevent mass shootings (Wintemute 2018; Wintemute et al 2019; Zeoli et al 2022). An analysis of court records for 159 gun violence restraining orders (California’s equivalent of an ERPO) between 2016 and 2018 found that they were used as a tool to help prevent at least twenty-one mass shootings based on evidence where the respondent showed a clear intent to commit such an attack (Wintemute et al 2019).…”

Section: Contemporary Approaches To the Prevention Of Mass Shootingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Shootings in the United States: Prevalence, Policy, and a Way Forward

Schildkraut¹,

Geller²

2022

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Scie

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Mass shootings in the U.S. elicit strong reactions and often are followed by demands for preventive or ameliorative policy action. Often, however, little change is made to policy, and the cycle of tragedy and passionate discourse is left to start anew. We assess the efficacy of a range of specific policies that may help to prevent mass shootings or mitigate their harms: we review empirical evidence on their effectiveness and consider arguments that both proponents and opponents of these policies bring to bear on the public discourse. We conclude that extant evidence and policy ideas that are on the table now can, in fact, point to a productive way forward: we argue for a proactive, layered approach to policy implementation that minimizes risks and impacts and capitalizes on effective interventions that enjoy broad public support.

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Extreme risk protection orders in response to threats of multiple victim/mass shooting in six U.S. states: A descriptive study

Cited by 22 publications

References 10 publications

Quantifying the risk of mass shootings at specific locations

Quantifying the risk of mass shootings at specific locations

Balancing the Roles of Clinicians and Police in Separating Firearms from People in a Dangerous Mental Health Crisis: Legal Rules, Policy Tools, and Ethical Considerations

Mass Shootings in the United States: Prevalence, Policy, and a Way Forward

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