Extreme temperature trends in the equatorial region of Brazil: Case study of the state of Ceará

Abstract

-Despite uncertainties as to the real causes, there is a large amount of evidence of climatic change on Earth. With the objective of investigating changes in extreme air temperatures, as well as the local effects of these changes, eight data sets, collected throughout the State of Ceará in Brazil, were analyzed. Four series of data were obtained from the semi-arid region, three from the coastal zone, and one from a mountainous region. To quantify the changes that occurred during the study period, variations in maximum and minimum temperatures were calculated in relation to the mean of each data series. The annual rates of temperature increase were estimated from the angular coefficients of the best-fit lines. The results showed that although there are differences in trends between stations, there was a systematic increase in the maximum and minimum temperature in the nineties, which was especially evident in the following decade. The highest rates of increase were recorded for the minimum temperatures (from 9.0 to 8.3 °C per century) for the stations at Guaramiranga and Crateús respectively. These data provide evidence for a greater retention of energy in the form of sensible heat during the night, possibly due to a more difficult energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere.Key words -Climatic changes. Global warming. Air temperature.Resumo -Apesar das incertezas sobre as verdadeiras causas, há uma grande quantidade de evidências de mudanças climáticas na Terra. Com o objetivo de investigar as mudanças em temperaturas extremas do ar, bem como os efeitos locais das mudanças, oito conjuntos de dados coletados ao longo do Estado do Ceará, Brasil, foram analisados. Quatro série de dados foram obtidas a partir da região semi-árida, três da zona costeira e uma de uma região montanhosa. Para quantificar as mudanças que ocorreram durante o período do estudo, as variações nas temperaturas máximas e mínimas foram calculadas em relação à média de cada série. As taxas anuais de aumento de temperatura foram estimadas pelos coeficientes angulares das linhas de melhor ajuste. Os resultados mostraram que, embora haja diferenças nas tendências entre as estações, ocorreu um aumento sistemático da temperatura máxima e mínima, que foi especialmente evidente na década seguinte, dos anos 90. As maiores taxas de crescimento foram registradas para as temperaturas mínimas (de 9,0 a 8,3 °C por século) para as estações de Guaramiranga e Crateús, respectivamente. Estes dados fornecem evidências para a maior retenção de energia na forma de calor sensível durante a noite possivelmente devido a uma troca de energia mais difícil, entre a superfície e a atmosfera.Palavras-chave -Mudanças climáticas. Aquecimento global. Temperatura atmosférica.

Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years

“…This increase is not linear: the population growth in the 1980s was twice as fast as in the 2000s (Firman, ; Nahas, ). The observed daily minimum temperature increase is comparable with two other cities in the tropics, Guadalaraja (Mexico) and State of Ceará (Brazil), in which annual mean temperature has been reported to increase by about 0.5 °C per decade (Tereshchenko and Filonov, ) and up to 0.9 °C per decade for the minimum temperature (de Andrade et al , ).…”

“…This increase is not linear: the population growth in the 1980s was twice as fast as in the 2000s (Firman, 2009;Nahas, 2013). The observed daily minimum temperature increase is comparable with two other cities in the tropics, Guadalaraja (Mexico) and State of Ceará (Brazil), in which annual mean temperature has been reported to increase by about 0.5 ∘ C per decade (Tereshchenko and Filonov, 2001) and up to 0.9 ∘ C per decade for the minimum temperature (de Andrade et al, 2012). The increase in mean temperature, exceeding that of the global land temperature, is compatible with the effects of increased urbanization in the transient development of Temperature series Precipitation series -20101971-19801900-1910Long-term mean 2001-20101971-19801900-1910 Long Jakarta in which the high-rise buildings trap radiant energy in their walls and radiate more thermal energy back to the streets than the night sky would do.…”

Marine Hardbottom Environments in the Beaches of Ceará State, Equatorial Coast of Brazil

“…It is still necessary to consider that all these local stressors can act in synergy with global impacts. Heat anomalies, which are becoming more common in the state (Andrade et al, 2012), have deleterious effects on local populations, and coral and zoanthid bleaching have already been recorded in Ceará (Soares & Rabelo, 2014). As these species are already naturally exposed to extremes of heat, any additional temperature rises could have a serious impact on the health of these populations.…”

Influence of climatic variables on the epidemiological situation of dengue in the Ceará- Brazil

“…The state of Ceará has a strategic location for international tourism due to its proximity to Europe, North America and the African Continent, presents 184 municipalities, with the city of Fortaleza being the capital of the state (IPECE, 2017., IBGE, 2019. The predominant climate in the region according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification is semi-arid (BS'w'h') in 80% of the territory, the remaining 20% are almost entirely classified as sub-humid climate (Aw') present in the coastal region (Andrade et al, 2012).…”