Eye Contact, Sex, and the Violation of Personal Space

Buchanan, Douglas R.; Goldman, Morton; Juhnke, Ralph

doi:10.1080/00224545.1977.9713291

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…A slight majority of investigations support the basic tenets of the equilibrium theory (Buchanan, Goldman, & Juhnke, 1977;Coutts & Ledden, 1977;Goldberg & Wellens, 1979;Greenbaum & Rosenfeld, 1978;Greenberg & Firestone, 1977;Hardee, 1976;Johnson & Dabbs, 1976;Knight, Langmeyer, & Lundgren, 1973;McAulay, 1977;Nottingham, 1979;Patterson, 1973aPatterson, , 1977Scherer & Schiff, 1973), and several other studies find at least partial support (Baker & Shaw, 1980;Coutts & Schneider, 1976;Eberts & Lepper, 1975;Hughes & Goldman, 1978;Lassen, 1973;Mooney, 1976;Sundstrom, 1978;Walden & Forsyth, 1981). More than a few studies do not support equilibrium theory (Breed, 1972;Carr & Dabbs, 1974;Castell, 1970b;Chapman, 1975;Kleinke et al, 1975;Lockard, McVittie, & Isaac, 1977;Marcelle, 1977;Schneider &Hansvick, 1977;Stephensen, Rutter, & Dore, 1973), but it seems that these are unlikely to discourage continued discussion of the theory.…”

Section: Equilibrium Theorymentioning

confidence: 96%

Personal space: Where we now stand.

Hayduk

1983

Psychological Bulletin

388

336

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A review of the "personal space" research reveals that an overwhelming accumulation of evidence weighs against the use of projective measurement strategies, while the interrelations between the various real-life measures remain poorly documented. A "nondichotomous carrier mechanism" reconceptualization is proposed to reorient investigation of the confused pattern of sex effects. Other findings show that once data based on projective measures are discarded, it becomes clear that personal space gradually increases in size between 3–21 yrs of age. The evidence regarding cultural and subcultural differences in personal space is considerably weaker than has frequently been assumed. The present review further reveals that formerly implicit links between personal space and crowding have congealed into specific and fruitful theoretical parallels. The use of attribution, expectancy, and equilibrium theories in interpreting the results of personal space research is discussed, and the causes and consequences of personal space preferences are considered in terms of personality, situational effects, and acquaintanceship. (12 p ref)

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Section: Equilibrium Theorymentioning

confidence: 96%

Personal space: Where we now stand.

Hayduk

1983

Psychological Bulletin

388

336

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“…Men, but not women, were also less likely to violate the personal space of a staring woman. When given the choice, men were equally likely to violate the space of gazing men and gazing women (Buchanan, Goldman, & Juhnke, 1977). Women preferred to violate the space of a gazing woman.…”

Section: Functional Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

Kleinke¹

1986

Psychological Bulletin

1,219

809

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Research on gaze and eye contact was organized within the framework of Patterson's (1982) sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Studies were reviewed showing how gaze functions to (a) provide information, (b) regulate interaction, (c) express intimacy, (d) exercise social control, and (e) facilitate service and task goals. Research was also summarized that describes personal, experiential, relational, and situational antecedents of gaze and reactions to gaze. Directions were given for a functional analysis of the relation between gaze and physiological responses. Attribution theories were integrated into the sequential model for making predictions about people's perceptions of their own gazing behavior and the gazing behavior of others. Data on people's accuracy in reporting their own and others' gaze were presented and integrated with related findings in attribution research. The sequential model was used to analyze research studies measuring the interaction between gaze and personal and contextual variables. Methodological and measurement issues were discussed and directions were outlined for future research. These lovely lamps, these windows of the soul. (Du Bartas) 1 The eyes have one language everywhere. (George Herbert) There are often voice and words in a silent look. (Ovid) For eyes can speak and eyes can understand. (Chapman)

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“…E.g. the visual order is gendered: Buchanan, Goldman, Juhnke (1977), who used the elevator as an experimental setting, showed that direct gazes of men work as an effective marker of territories towards both sexes, the gaze of women only towards men. With respect to cultural variation see again Watson (1970).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On Doing Being a Stranger: The Practical Constitution of Civil Inattention

Hirschauer

2005

J Theory Soc Behav

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The article takes on a less developed aspect of the sociology of the stranger: the normalized non-relations people in urban settings establish in their effort to stay strangers for one another. How is their "civil inattention" accomplished in practice? What is the social orderliness of "asocial" relations? In order to answer these questions the article uses the elevator as a sociological research instrument allowing for a highly detailed investigation in structural problems of public encounters: bodily navigation, contact avoidance, feigned preoccupation, and the blocking of the automatism by which co-present bodies start interactions. The setting used for the investigation also raises questions about how the artifact and the bodies present are integrated into the interaction order. The "heteromobile" of the elevator offers specific sociotechnical scripts for interaction. While the human actors work hard at doing nothing, their bodies seem to take over their agency. The specific challenge of elevator riding for the enactment of indifference is the vanishing of actors: undoing presence.

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Eye Contact, Sex, and the Violation of Personal Space

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Personal space: Where we now stand.

Personal space: Where we now stand.

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

On Doing Being a Stranger: The Practical Constitution of Civil Inattention

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