Personal space: Where we now stand.

Hayduk, Leslie A.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.293

Cited by 388 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 370 publications

(371 reference statements)

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“…A behavioral measure of personal space was obtained, using a version of the stopdistance procedure which is known to have high test-retest reliability (Hayduk, 1978(Hayduk, , 1983.…”

Section: Personal Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to personality traits, a number of studies yielded intuitively sensible results. For instance, neuroticism and introversion-variables which may be relevant to self-protection-were found to predict personal space (De Julio & Duffy, 1977;Pedersen, 1973), although it must be noted that there have been many inconsistent findings involving personality traits (see Hayduk, 1983). It should also be noted that several different methods 4 have been used to measure personal space, although all of them are subjective measures, relying on the phenomenological experience of participants (e.g., approaching a target and stopping at a comfortable distance).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers investigated whether personal space may vary depending on cultural background, sex, and age; experiments were conducted to examine effects of contextual variables on personal space (for reviews, see Evans & Howard, 1973;Hayduk, 1978Hayduk, , 1983. With respect to personality traits, a number of studies yielded intuitively sensible results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introversion and human-contaminant disgust sensitivity predict personal space

Park

2015

Personality and Individual Differences

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How far do people prefer to stand from others during interpersonal interactions? Individuals vary in what has been termed personal space, and this variation appears to be systematic. For instance, personal space tends to be larger among more introverted individuals. The present study investigated whether personality variables relevant to threat perceptions may predict personal space. One type of threat that may be neutralized via physical distancing is infectious disease. This study examined whether individual differences in pathogen-relevant disgust sensitivity (particularly with respect to other humans) may predict personal space. In a study employing a behavioral measure of personal space (N = 134), human-contaminant disgust sensitivity (but not nonhuman-contaminant disgust sensitivity) was found to predict personal space while controlling for trait anxiety and introversion. Introversion was found to exert an independent predictive effect.

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“…A behavioral measure of personal space was obtained, using a version of the stopdistance procedure which is known to have high test-retest reliability (Hayduk, 1978(Hayduk, , 1983.…”

Section: Personal Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introversion and human-contaminant disgust sensitivity predict personal space

Park

2015

Personality and Individual Differences

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“…The personal space (PS) we keep between us and others is crucially influenced by our relationships with them; a closer, intimate zone being reserved for lovers. However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966;Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled. The amygdala may be important for this regulation (Kennedy et al, 2009) and the activity of amygdala subregions is also modulated by OXT (Gamer et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females

et al. 2012

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In humans, interpersonal romantic attraction and the subsequent development of monogamous pair-bonds is substantially predicted by influential impressions formed during first encounters. The prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has been identified as a key facilitator of both interpersonal attraction and the formation of parental attachment. However, whether OXT contributes to the maintenance of monogamous bonds after they have been formed is unclear. In this randomized placebo-controlled trial, we provide the first behavioral evidence that the intranasal administration of OXT stimulates men in a monogamous relationship, but not single ones, to keep a much greater distance (ϳ10 -15 cm) between themselves and an attractive woman during a first encounter. This avoidance of close personal proximity occurred in the physical presence of female but not male experimenters and was independent of gaze direction and whether the female experimenter or the subject was moving. We further confirmed this unexpected finding using a photograph-based approach/ avoidance task that showed again that OXT only stimulated men in a monogamous relationship to approach pictures of attractive women more slowly. Importantly, these changes cannot be attributed to OXT altering the attitude of monogamous men toward attractive women or their judgments of and arousal by pictures of them. Together, our results suggest that where OXT release is stimulated during a monogamous relationship, it may additionally promote its maintenance by making men avoid signaling romantic interest to other women through close-approach behavior during social encounters. In this way, OXT may help to promote fidelity within monogamous human relationships.

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“…This procedure has been used extensively for assessing preferred interpersonal distance under different conditions, yielding reports of high reliability and validity (Greenberg, Strube, & Myers, 1980;Hayduk, 1978Hayduk, , 1983Hayduk, , 1985. The task began with the participant standing 3 metres away from the experimenter.…”

Section: Spence Children's Anxiety Scale -Parent Versionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal Space Regulation in Williams Syndrome: The Effect of Familiarity

Lough

Flynn

Riby

2016

J Autism Dev Disord

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. (2016) 'Personal space regulation in Williams syndrome : the e ect of familiarity.', Journal of autism and developmental disorders., 46 (10). 3207-3215. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2864-8Publisher's copyright statement:The nal publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2864-8Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractPersonal space refers to a protective barrier that we strive to maintain around our body. We examined personal space regulation in young people with Williams syndrome (WS) and their typically developing, chronological age-matched peers using a parent report questionnaire and a stop-distance paradigm. Individuals with WS were reported by their parents to be more likely to violate the personal space of others, and indeed they maintained a shorter interpersonal distance in the stop-distance paradigm. Interestingly, WS individuals failed to regulate their personal space based on the familiarity of the person they were interacting with.Findings are discussed in relation to the wider social profile associated with WS, and the possible impact of atypical personal space regulation on social vulnerability. 2Personal space regulation in Williams syndrome: The effect of familiarity When engaging in social interactions, individuals must regulate the distance that they maintain between themselves and other people (Hall, 1996). Personal space is defined as the area around a person's body, which if invaded, can cause feelings of discomfort and anxiety (Perry et al., 2013). Vignemont and Iannetti (2015) outline different types of personal space.Peripersonal space refers to the space around one's body where an object can be grasped, whereas extrapersonal space is the area around the body that is just beyond reach. Indeed, , 1997). The current study is concerned with the protective peripersonal space (herein referred to as simply 'personal space'), and its implications for social vulnerability levels in Williams syndrome.For typically developing individuals, regulating this personal space is a largely automatic process, guided by situational cues, social cues and cultural norms (Beaulieu, 2004). The ability to successfully collate these cues and maintain an appropriate interpersonal distance contributes to successful and positive social interactions (Gessaroli et al., 2013).However, it is known that some individuals with developmental disorders find social interactions challenging, and they may also...

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Personal space: Where we now stand.

Cited by 388 publications

References 370 publications

Introversion and human-contaminant disgust sensitivity predict personal space

Introversion and human-contaminant disgust sensitivity predict personal space

Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females

Personal Space Regulation in Williams Syndrome: The Effect of Familiarity

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