Eye Injury Risk from Water Stream Impact: Biomechanically Based Design Parameters for Water Toy and Park Design

Duma, Stefan M.; Bisplinghoff, Jill A.; Senge, Danielle M.; McNally, Craig; Alphonse, Vanessa D.

doi:10.3109/02713683.2011.626911

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…13,15,24,26,40 Similar to previous studies in humans, the present study demonstrated the canine corneal epithelium was thinnest centrally and thickest peripherally. 15,26 In addition, central corneal epithelial thickness obtained from canines in the present study (52.38 AE 7.27 lm) was similar to results obtained in recent studies in humans (48.3 AE 2.9 lm, 26 52.5 AE 2.4 lm, 41 and 54.7 AE 1.9 lm 15 ), dogs (50-60 lm), 24 and cats (55-65 lm). 24 Conjunctival epithelial thickness values obtained in the present study (42.98 AE 6.17 lm) were similar to previous reports in humans published by Feng et al 13,15,26,40 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of conjunctival epithelial thickness measurement in the canine species using FD-OCT.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

In vivoevaluation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the normal laboratory beagle using time‐ and Fourier‐domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry

Strom

Cortés

Rasmussen

et al. 2015

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To obtain normative data for the canine cornea and conjunctiva using high-resolution Time- and Fourier-Domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT and FD-OCT) and ultrasound pachymetry (USP). Animals One hundred sixty-eight eyes of 133 healthy, young, intact laboratory beagles. Procedures The cornea and conjunctiva of 16 eyes of 8 healthy young intact female intact beagles were imaged using FD-OCT. Corneal thickness was measured with FD-OCT and USP, while corneal and conjunctival epithelial thickness was measured with FD-OCT. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was determined in 152 eyes of 125 healthy young adult intact female (35) and male (90) beagles using TD-OCT. Mixed effects linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Results The CCT was (mean ± standard deviation) 497.54 ± 29.76, 555.49 ± 17.19 and 594.81 ± 33.02 μm as measured by FD-OCT, USP and TD-OCT, respectively. The central, superior paraxial, superior perilimbal corneal epithelial thickness and superior bulbar conjunctival epithelial thickness was 52.38 ± 7.27, 56.96 ± 6.47, 69.06 ± 8.84 and 42.98 ± 6.17 μm, respectively. When comparing techniques used for measuring CCT (USP versus FD-OCT and FD-OCT versus TD-OCT), USP and TD-OCT generated significantly greater values in comparison to FD-OCT (both P < 0.001). For all dogs CCT increased with increasing age and body weight (both P < 0.001) and was higher in intact males versus females using TD-OCT (P = 0.034). Conclusion High-resolution FD-OCT and TD-OCT provide detailed non-invasive evaluation of in vivo canine anterior segment structures. Normative values of the canine cornea and conjunctiva are reported.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

In vivoevaluation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the normal laboratory beagle using time‐ and Fourier‐domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry

Strom

Cortés

Rasmussen

et al. 2015

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…In the present case, no source of the endophthalmitis other than the water stream trauma from the toy water gun was identified. Water toys and squirt guns are capable of generating pressurized water streams that pose a risk for increased intraocular pressure and ocular injury ( 23 ). While Enterococci are not typically associated with water, we speculate that the wading pool (that was used to fill the water guns) may have been contaminated with fecal matter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%