Eye irritation potential: palm-based methyl ester sulphonates

Yusof, Nor Zuliana; Hasan, Zafarizal Aldrin Azizul; Maurad, Zulina Abd; Idris, Zainab

doi:10.1080/15569527.2017.1352595

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…MES C 12 and C 14 based on palm oil are not commercially available; however, MPOB has the capability to produce the middle cut with active contents of 68% and 83%, respectively, but contained a substantial amount of water, methanol, di-salt and other impurities. These impurities in MES C 12 and C 14 are irritants to the eye according to the SkinEthicTM HCE model [14]. Successful usage of MES as an active ingredient in personal care could be achieved if the MES C 12 and C 14 produced were non-irritant.…”

Section: Crystallized Mes Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, Characterization, Morphological and Particle Properties of Crystallized Palm-Based Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Powder

et al. 2020

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Methyl ester sulphonates (MES) have been considered as an alternative green surfactant for the detergent market. Investigation on the purification of methyl ester sulphonates (MES) with various carbon chains of C12, C14, C16 and C16–18 derived from palm methyl ester is of great interest. These MES powders have been repeatedly crystallized with ethanol and the purity of MES has increased to a maximum of 99% active content and 96% crystallinity index without changing the structure. These crystallized MES with high active content have 1.0% to 2.3% moisture content and retained its di-salt content in the range of 5%. The crystallized MES C16 and C16–18 attained excellent flow characteristics. Morphology, structural and its crystallinity analyses showed that the crystals MES had good solubility properties, stable crystal structure (β polymorphic) and triclinic lateral structure when it is in high active content. The brittleness of MES crystals increased from a β’ to a β subcell. Crystal with high brittleness has the potential to ease production of powder, which leads to a reduction in the cost of production and improves efficiency.

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Section: Crystallized Mes Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, Characterization, Morphological and Particle Properties of Crystallized Palm-Based Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Powder

et al. 2020

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“…35 In 2018, Yusof and co-workers investigated the eye irritation potential of palm-based MES using the bovine corneal opacity and permeability test method (BCOP), OECD Test Guideline 437, and reconstructed human corneal-like epitelium test method, OECD Test Guideline 492. 36 This study aimed to investigate the safety of palm-based MES in terms of its mutagenic potential. The Ames test was used to evaluate whether MES (Figure 1) can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenicity Assessment of Homologous Series of Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Using the Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) Test

Yusof,

Azizul Hasan,

Abd Maurad

2023

Int J Toxicol

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Methyl ester sulphonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant that is suitable to be used as an active ingredient in household products. Four palm-based MES compounds with various carbon chains, namely C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES, were assayed by the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA, with the aim of establishing the safety data of the compounds, specifically their mutagenicity. The test was also carried out on linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) for comparison. The plate incorporation method was conducted according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 471. All compounds were tested at five analysable non-cytotoxic concentrations, varying from .001 mg/plate to 5 mg/plate, with and without S-9 metabolic activation. All tested concentrations showed no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies compared to revertant colonies of the negative control. The Ames test indicated that each concentration of C12, C14, C16, C16/18 MES, and LAS used in this study induced neither base-pair substitutions nor frame-shift mutations in the S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the E. coli strain WP2 uvrA. The results showed that C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES have no potential mutagenic properties in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation, similarly to LAS. Therefore, the MES is safe to be used as an alternative to petroleum-based surfactants for household cleaning products.

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Eye irritation potential: palm-based methyl ester sulphonates

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Preparation, Characterization, Morphological and Particle Properties of Crystallized Palm-Based Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Powder

Preparation, Characterization, Morphological and Particle Properties of Crystallized Palm-Based Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Powder

Mutagenicity Assessment of Homologous Series of Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Using the Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) Test

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