Eye movement control during reading: II. Frequency of refixating a word

McConkie, George W.; Kerr, Paul William; Reddix, Michael D.; Zola, David; Jacobs, Arthur

doi:10.3758/bf03208086

Cited by 216 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This is in line with previous findings (e.g., Hautala et al, 2011). Furthermore, when measured as a percentage of the spatial extent of the interest area containing the target word, the initial fixation location results, along with the saccade amplitude results, fall in line with the classic findings whereby initial fixation location falls closer to word beginning of wide (longer) words, despite longer saccade amplitudes into these words (e.g., McConkie et al 1988;McConkie et al, 1989;Rayner, 1979;Rayner et al, 1996;Rayner et al, 1998;Vitu et al, 1995). Thus, our findings using a proportional font (also see Hautala et al, 2011) further demonstrate that the classic findings on word length using monospaced fonts reflect the influence of (increasing) spatial extent, and not the number of letters as far as saccade targeting is concerned.…”

Section: Ge Ne Ralndiscussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The influence of a word’s number of letters, spatial extent, and initial bigram characteristics on eye movement control during reading: Evidence from Arabic.

Hermena

Liversedge

Drieghe

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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The authors conducted 2 eye movement experiments in which they used the typographical and linguistic properties of Arabic to disentangle the influences of words’ number of letters and spatial extent on measures of fixation duration and saccade targeting (Experiment 1), and to investigate the influence of initial bigram characteristics on saccade targeting during reading (Experiment 2). In the first experiment, through the use of a proportional font, which is more natural-looking in Arabic compared to monospaced fonts, the authors manipulated the number of letters (5 vs. 7) and the spatial extent (wide vs. narrow) of words embedded in frame sentences. The results obtained replicate and expand upon previous findings in other alphabetic languages that the number of letters influences fixation durations, whereas saccade targeting (as indicated by measures of fixation count and probability of skipping and refixation) is more influenced by the word’s spatial extent. In the second experiment, the authors compared saccade targeting measures (saccade amplitude and initial fixation location) in 6- and 7-letter words beginning with initial bigrams that were of extremely high frequency (ال the), relatively high frequency (لل to/for the), or beginning with the letters of the word stem. The results showed negligible modulation of saccade targeting by initial bigram characteristics. The results also highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate measures of initial fixation location (spatial vs. character-based measures) during reading text rendered using proportional fonts.

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Section: Ge Ne Ralndiscussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The influence of a word’s number of letters, spatial extent, and initial bigram characteristics on eye movement control during reading: Evidence from Arabic.

Hermena

Liversedge

Drieghe

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…11 McConkie, Kerr, Reddix, Zola, and Jacobs (1989), however, reported a small rightward bias. our model.…”

Section: Temporal Evolution: Equation Of Motionmentioning

confidence: 88%

SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation During Reading.

Engbert

Nuthmann

Richter

et al. 2005

Psychological Review

937

1,071

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Mathematical models have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (R. Engbert, A. Longtin, & R. Kliegl, 2002) were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements observed in reading experiments. The authors present an advanced version of SWIFT that integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. They propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. They also present a mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model. Finally, within this framework, they present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing.In modern society, reading is a central skill, which demonstrates how efficiently a range of different cognitive processes (e.g., visual information processing, word recognition, attention, oculomotor control) can work together to perform a complex everyday task. Consequently, a full account of how we read is among the crucial problems of cognitive research. Here, we focus on the fact that eye movements in reading represent an important example for a coupled cognitive-motor system. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the interface between high-level cognition (word recognition) and eye-movement control (saccade generation) is essential to contribute to our knowledge of reading.The measurement, analysis, and modeling of eye movements is one of the most powerful approaches to studying the way visual information is (a) processed by the human mind and (b) used to guide our actions (Findlay & Gilchrist, 2003). Measurements of fixation durations on words or on regions of text are central for investigating cognitive processes underlying reading (Liversedge & Findlay, 2000;Rayner, 1998). Therefore, it is of central importance to develop a detailed understanding of how the experimental observables are related to the underlying cognitive systems.Over the last decades, there has been a considerable increase of knowledge about eye movements and visual information processing (e.g., Hyönä, Radach, & Deubel, 2003; Radach, Kennedy, & Rayner, 2004;Rayner, 1998). The question of how the contributing cognitive subsystems for a specific task such as reading are coordinated is a research problem representative of questions that we believe cannot be investigated without fully quantitative mathematical models. Although it is still possible to investigate aspects of eye-movement control (e.g., word skipping or programming of refixations) in a nonmathematical way, a fully quantitative approach in which most of the experimental phenomena are integrated is necessary to test the interaction of different theoretical assumptions (e.g., the potential impact of a mechanism for word skipping on refixation behavior). In perspective, computational models can be approximated with ...

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“…The first category includes a model proposed by Morrison (1984), with various modifications Kennison & Clifton, 1995;; S. C. , as well as one proposed by Just and Carpenter (1980). The second category includes a model proposed by O'Regan (1990O'Regan ( , 1992, as well as proposals of Kowler and Anton (1987) and McConkie et al ( 1989;McConkie, Kerr, et al, 1988). Because of the importance of the models of Morrison and O'Regan in generating research on file issue of eye movement control, each is discussed.…”

Section: Models Of Eye Movement Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Rayner

1998

Psychological Bulletin

6,144

231

5,590

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Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.Many studies using eye movements to investigate cognitive processes have appeared over the past 20 years. In an earlier review, I (Rayner, 1978b) argued that since the mid-1970s we have been in a third era of eye movement research and that the success of research in the current era would depend on the ingenuity of researchers in designing interesting and informative studies. It would appear from the vast number of studies using eye movement data over the past 20 years that research in this third era is fulfilling the promise inherent in using eye movement behavior to infer cognitive processes. The first era of eye movement research extended from Javal's initial observations concerning the role of eye movements in reading in 1879 (see Huey, 1908) up until about 1920. During this era, many basic facts about eye movements were discovered. Issues such as saccadic suppression (the fact that we do not perceive information during an eye movement), saccade latency (the time that it takes to initiate an eye movement), and the size of the perceptual span (the region of effective vision) were of concern in this era. The second era, which coincided with the behaviorist movement in experimental psychology, tended to have a more applied focus, and little research was undertaken with eye movements to infer cognitive processes. Although classic work by Tinker (1946) on reading and by Buswell (1935) on scene perception was carried out during this era, in retrospect, most of the work seems to have focused on the eye movements per se (or on surface aspects of the task being investigated). Tinker's (1958) final review ended on the rather pessimistic note that almost every-

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Eye movement control during reading: II. Frequency of refixating a word

Cited by 216 publications

References 18 publications

The influence of a word’s number of letters, spatial extent, and initial bigram characteristics on eye movement control during reading: Evidence from Arabic.

The influence of a word’s number of letters, spatial extent, and initial bigram characteristics on eye movement control during reading: Evidence from Arabic.

SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation During Reading.

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

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