Eye movement disorders after frontal eye field lesions in humans

Rivaud, Sophie; Müri, René M.; Gaymard, Bertrand; Vermersch, Anne-Isabelle; Pierrot‐Deseilligny, C

doi:10.1007/bf00232443

Cited by 329 publications

(212 citation statements)

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“…In this respect, it should be noted that the appearance of the saccadic target also leads to the additional process of releasing the active fixation of the central point. Thus, a possible interpretation of this ERS in the alpha band is that it may be related to the disengagement of the frontal eye fields, which are involved both in the active fixation and in the suppression of voluntary saccades during the delay period (Pierrot-Deseilligny et al, 2003b;Rivaud et al, 1994). However, a note of caution should be applied to the interpretation of this last synchronization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Actually, saccades may be reflexive, externally triggered by the sudden appearance of a visual target; or voluntary, requiring a cognitive judgment in order to determine when and where to move the eyes. Reflexive saccades are triggered by the PEF (Braun et al, 1992;Pierrot-Deseilligny et al, 1991a), while the FEF are involved both in the active fixation and in the execution of voluntary saccades (PierrotDeseilligny et al, 2003b;Rivaud et al, 1994). By contrast, SEF has been shown to be involved during the repetition of prelearned saccade sequences (Gaymard et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Event-related power modulations of brain activity preceding visually guided saccades

et al. 2007

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To analyze the characteristics of the event-related desynchronization (ERD) and synchronization (ERS) of cortical rhythms during the preparation and execution of a lateralized eye movement, EEG was recorded in normal subjects during a visually guided task. Alpha and beta bands were investigated in three temporal intervals: a sensory period, a delay period and a saccade preparation period time locked with saccade onset. Modulations of ERD/ERS power, coupled with the task, reached the largest amplitudes over the frontal and parieto-occipital regions. Differences of oscillatory activity in the alpha bands revealed an intriguing pattern of asymmetry in parieto-occipital areas. Rightward saccades induced a larger desynchronization with respect to the leftward saccades in the left hemisphere, but not in the right. If representative, these findings are congruent to the established righthemisphere dominance of the brain areas that direct attention. Moreover differences between the two alpha types emerged in the frontal areas before and during the saccade preparation periods, indicative of differential engagement of these areas depending on the task demands. In conclusion, the present approach shows that planning eye movements is linked with covert orienting of spatial attention and may supply a useful method for studying eye movements and selective attention-related processes. IntroductionSaccades are short duration ballistic eye movements performed in order to foveate an image on the retina. They are generated in the brain stem, but there is extensive evidence from electrophysiological studies in monkeys (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985;Funahashi et al., 1989;Funahashi et al., 1990;Lynch et al., 1977;Schlag and Schlag-Rey, 1987) as well as from neuroimaging (Anderson et al., 1994;Fox et al., 1985;Law et al., 1997;Luna et al., 1998;Sweeney et al., 1996) and lesion studies in humans (Pierrot-Deseilligny et al., 2003a;Pierrot-Deseilligny et al., 1991b) that the cerebral cortex is involved in their control and preparation. Three main cortical areas are involved in the generation of saccades: the frontal eye field (FEF), located mostly at the intersection between the precentral sulcus and the superior frontal sulcus (Paus, 1996), the supplementary eye field (SEF), located on the medial surface of the superior frontal gyrus (Grosbras et al., 1999) and the parietal eye field (PEF), located in the intraparietal sulcus (Medendorp et al., 2003). These areas contribute to the triggering of saccades with, apparently, different roles depending on the type of saccade to be performed. Actually, saccades may be reflexive, externally

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-related power modulations of brain activity preceding visually guided saccades

et al. 2007

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“…On the contrary, the contribution of FEF and PEF to voluntary saccades has not been extensively evaluated by lesion studies. Until now, the most studied form of voluntary saccades is the memory-guided saccades (Pierrot-Deseilligny 1991; Rivaud et al 1994;Sommer and Tehovnik 1997). These studies suggest that unilateral FEF lesions in humans slow down the onset of contralesional memoryguided saccades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical and cerebellar activation induced by reflexive and voluntary saccades

et al. 2008

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ReXexive saccades are driven by visual stimulation whereas voluntary saccades require volitional control. Behavioral and lesional studies suggest that there are two separate mechanisms involved in the generation of these two types of saccades. This study investigated diVerences in cerebral and cerebellar activation between reXexive and self-paced voluntary saccadic eye movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In two experiments (whole brain and cerebellum) using the same paradigm, diVerences in brain activations induced by reXexive and self-paced voluntary saccades were assessed. Direct comparison of the activation patterns showed that the frontal eye Welds, parietal eye Weld, the motion-sensitive area (MT/ V5), the precuneus (V6), and the angular and the cingulate gyri were more activated in reXexive saccades than in voluntary saccades. No signiWcant diVerence in activation was found in the cerebellum. Our results suggest that the alleged separate mechanisms for saccadic control of reXexive and self-paced voluntary are mainly observed in cerebral rather than cerebellar areas.

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“…The human results generally agree with our macaque results. Sequential saccades are disrupted by both DMFC lesions (Gaymard et al 1990(Gaymard et al , 1993 and FEF lesions (Rivaud et al 1994). However, single saccades made to locations of extinguished targets are impaired by lesions of FEF, but not of DMFC (Pierrot-Deseilligny et al 1991).…”

Section: Comparison Of Dmfc and Fefmentioning

confidence: 90%

Reversible inactivation of macaque dorsomedial frontal cortex: effects on saccades and fixations

Sommer

Tehovnik

1999

Experimental Brain Research

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Neural recording and electrical stimulation results suggest that the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) of macaque is involved in oculomotor behavior. We reversibly inactivated the DMFC using lidocaine and examined how saccadic eye movements and fixations were affected. The inactivation methods and monkeys were the same as those used in a previous study of the frontal eye field (FEF), another frontal oculomotor region. In the first stage of the present study, monkeys performed tasks that required the generation of single saccades and fixations. During 15 DMFC inactivations, we found only mild, infrequent deficits. This contrasts with our prior finding that FEF inactivation causes severe, reliable deficits in performance of these tasks. In the second stage of the study, we investigated whether DMFC inactivation affected behavior when a monkey was required to make more than one saccade and fixation. We used a double-step task: two targets were flashed in rapid succession and the monkey had to make two saccades to foveate the target locations. In each of five experiments, DMFC inactivation caused a moderate, significant deficit. Both ipsi-and contraversive saccades were disrupted. In two experiments, the first saccades were made to the wrong place and had increased latencies. In one experiment, first saccades were unaffected, but second saccades were made to the wrong place and had increased latencies. In the remaining two experiments, specific reasons for the deficit were not detected. Saline infusions into DMFC had no effect. Inactivation of FEF caused a larger double-step deficit than did inactivation of DMFC. The FEF inactivation impaired contraversive first or second saccades of the sequence. In conclusion, our results suggest that the DMFC makes an important contribution to generating sequential saccades and fixations but not single saccades and fixations. Compared with the FEF, the DMFC has a weaker, less directional, more task-dependent oculomotor influence. Key words Saccadic eye movements · Fixations · Dorsomedial frontal cortex · Supplementary eye field · Frontal eye field · Reversible inactivation IntroductionThe oculomotor properties of cortex near the frontal midline of macaque were first examined in detail by Schlag and Schlag-Rey (1987). They named this region the supplementary eye field. We and others (Mann et al. 1988;Bon and Lucchetti 1992;Heinen 1995) use the anatomical designation, dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) (issues of nomenclature are reviewed by Tehovnik 1995 andSchall 1997). Regardless of terminology, the areas near the frontal midline that have been studied by oculomotor physiologists overlap with one another (Fig. 1A; for a more detailed comparison see Tehovnik 1995). The experiments of this report were specifically carried out on the DMFC as mapped using electrical stimulation (Tehovnik and Lee 1993; see Fig. 1A); this defines an area that includes large portions of the regions examined by other investigators.In this report, we focus on the contribution of the macaque DMFC ...

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Eye movement disorders after frontal eye field lesions in humans

Cited by 329 publications

References 54 publications

Event-related power modulations of brain activity preceding visually guided saccades

Event-related power modulations of brain activity preceding visually guided saccades

Cortical and cerebellar activation induced by reflexive and voluntary saccades

Reversible inactivation of macaque dorsomedial frontal cortex: effects on saccades and fixations

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