Eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey

Robinson, David A.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(72)90070-3

Cited by 1,225 publications

(785 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In detail, the intermediate layers of the SC constitute a retinotopically organized motor map coding for saccades to the contralateral visual field. Here, saccade amplitudes are continuously represented, decreasing from caudal to rostral SC (Robinson 1972).…”

Section: Prolongation Of Saccade Latencies Following Microsaccadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SN pause firing during fixations while producing bursts of spikes prior to and during saccades directed to their response field (Sparks et al 1976;Wurtz and Goldberg 1972;Munoz and Wurtz 1995a). Converging data from microstimulation studies (Gandhi and Keller 1999;Robinson 1972) and single cell recordings (Krauzlis et al 1997;Wurtz 1993a, 1995b) reveal that FN like SN still possess a movement field, i.e., activity of FN is associated with small contraversive saccades. 3 It is not known whether microsaccades that occur involuntarily during fixation originate in the rostral pole of the SC as proposed by Gandhi and Keller (1999) and Munoz et al (2000).…”

Section: Prolongation Of Saccade Latencies Following Microsaccadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A likely neural correlate of microsaccade generation is the rostral pole of the superior colliculus (SC), a brainstem structure critically involved in the control of saccades and fixations (see Munoz et al 2000, Scudder et al 2002, and Sparks 2002, for reviews). The rationale is that saccade amplitudes are coded along the SC rostralcaudal dimension; small amplitudes like those associated with microsaccades being related to activity in the rostral pole (Robinson 1972). Neurons in the rostral pole, however, are associated with active fixation (Munoz and Guitton 1991;Munoz and Wurtz 1993a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades

2005

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When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception.Their occurrence during saccade target perception should, thus, decrease saccade latencies. On the other hand, microsaccades likely indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting.Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies after microsaccades would be expected. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, saccadic reaction times in visual and memory trials were increased by about 40 ms (or 16%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in preparation of motor programs.

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Section: Prolongation Of Saccade Latencies Following Microsaccadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prolongation Of Saccade Latencies Following Microsaccadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades

2005

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“…While there are multiple parallel routes and areas involved in saccade generation (Schall 1995;Sparks and Hartwich-Young 1989;Wurtz et al 2000), the superior colliculus has often been suggested as the site of this common motor map (e.g., Godijn and Theeuwes 2002;Kopecz 1995;Trappenberg et al 2001). The superior colliculus is topographically organized, in that the locations of neural activity within this structure correspond to speciWc regions in visual space in an orderly arrangement (e.g., Robinson 1972;Schiller and Stryker 1972;Wurtz and Goldberg 1972). The superior colliculus also receives input from higher visual and ocular motor cortical regions such as the frontal eye Weld and the lateral intraparietal area (Munoz 2002;Tehovnik et al 2000), as well as lower visual areas such as striate cortex (e.g., Schiller 1977;Wurtz et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distractor effects on saccade trajectories: a comparison of prosaccades, antisaccades, and memory-guided saccades

2007

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The present study investigated the contribution of the presence of a visual signal at the saccade goal on saccade trajectory deviations and measured distractor-related inhibition as indicated by deviation away from an irrelevant distractor. Performance in a prosaccade task where a visual target was present at the saccade goal was compared to performance in an anti-and memory-guided saccade task. In the latter two tasks no visual signal is present at the location of the saccade goal. It was hypothesized that if saccade deviation can be ultimately explained in terms of relative activation levels between the saccade goal location and distractor locations, the absence of a visual stimulus at the goal location will increase the competition evoked by the distractor and aVect saccade deviations. The results of Experiment 1 showed that saccade deviation away from a distractor varied signiWcantly depending on whether a visual target was presented at the saccade goal or not: when no visual target was presented, saccade deviation away from a distractor was increased compared to when the visual target was present. The results of Experiments 2-4 showed that saccade deviation did not systematically change as a function of time since the oVset of the target.Moreover, Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that the disappearance of the target immediately increased the eVect of a distractor on saccade deviations, suggesting that activation at the target location decays very rapidly once the visual signal has disappeared from the display.

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“…Single-unit recording studies of the primate FEF (Segraves and Goldberg 1987) and superior colliculus (SC; Sparks 1986) during simple visual and memoryguided saccades, and stimulation of FEF (Bruce and Goldberg 1984) and SC (Robinson 1972) indicate that cells in these regions code simple saccades in terms of direction and amplitude, rather than head-centered spatial destinations. Likewise, the activity of cells coding saccade directions in the posterior parietal cortex (PP; Andersen et al 1990, Barash et al 1991b) is modulated by eye position in the orbit, yet does not correspond to a pure representation in a head-frame of reference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colliding saccades evoked by frontal eye field stimulation: artifact or evidence for an oculomotor compensatory mechanism underlying double-step saccades?

Dominey

Schlag

Schlag-Rey

et al. 1997

Biological Cybernetics

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Abstract. What happens when the goal is changed before the movement is executed? Both the double-step and colliding saccade paradigms address this issue as they introduce a discrepancy between the retinal images of targets in space and the commands generated by the oculomotor system necessary to attain those targets. To maintain spatial accuracy under such conditions, transformations must update 'retinal error' as eye position changes, and must also accommodate neural transmission delays in the system so that retinal and eye position information are temporally aligned. Different hypotheses have been suggested to account for these phenomena, based on observations of dissociable cortical and subcortical compensatory mechanisms. We now demonstrate how a single compensatory mechanism can be invoked to explain both double-step and colliding saccade paradigm results, based on the use of a damped signal of change in position that is used in both cases to update retinal error and, thereby, account for intervening movements. We conclude that the collision effect is not an artifact, but instead reveals a compensatory mechanism for saccades whose targets appear near the onset of a preceding saccade.

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Eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey

Cited by 1,225 publications

References 22 publications

Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades

Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades

Distractor effects on saccade trajectories: a comparison of prosaccades, antisaccades, and memory-guided saccades

Colliding saccades evoked by frontal eye field stimulation: artifact or evidence for an oculomotor compensatory mechanism underlying double-step saccades?

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