Eye-Tracking

Conklin, Kathy; Pellicer‐Sánchez, Ana; Carrol, Gareth

doi:10.1017/9781108233279

Cited by 163 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…For example, skipping rate, first-fixation duration, and gaze duration are eye-movement measures often argued to reflect earlier, more automatic, processing stages during natural reading, such as word recognition and lexical access. Regressing back to a previous part of the sentence and the amount of time spent rereading before proceeding onward (probability of regressions, regression-path duration, and total reading times) are hypothesized to reflect later processes which are more controlled, such as word–context integration or sentence-level processing (Clifton et al, 2007; Conklin et al, 2018; Liversedge et al, 1998; Staub, 2011, 2015).…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of age and verbal ability on word predictability in reading.

Cheimariou¹,

Farmer²,

Gordon³

2021

Psychology and Aging

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Increased predictability effects in older compared to younger adults have been mostly observed in late eyemovement measures during reading. However, it is unclear whether and how these effects may be related to verbal ability, which typically improves with age. Past studies have shown that verbal abilities modulate the predictability effect. Here, we aimed to replicate predictability effects in younger and older adults in a sentence reading paradigm and to investigate how verbal ability modulates the predictability effect. We monitored 26 younger and 27 older adults' eye movements as they read sentences with target words varying in predictability and examined the impact of age and verbal ability, as reflected in vocabulary and print exposure measures. Replicating previous studies, we found that older adults relied more heavily on contextual information in their anticipation of upcoming input in one late measure. In one early measure (first-fixation duration), participants with higher scores in verbal ability showed greater predictability effects, whereas the predictability effect was virtually absent in those with low scores. In one late measure (regression-path duration), age interacted with predictability. However, verbal ability, when included as a covariate in this model, could not account for the age-related increases in predictability effects. Collectively, our findings indicate that verbal ability influences predictability effects in early processing stages, suggesting facilitation of initial word processing and that some aspect of aging other than verbal ability influences predictability effects in late measures. The latter finding most likely reflects a shift toward integrative controlled processes with age.

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of age and verbal ability on word predictability in reading.

Cheimariou¹,

Farmer²,

Gordon³

2021

Psychology and Aging

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“…To our surprise, our data indicate that the processing of sentences referring to the antecedent in the syntactic position of an object incurs an additional processing cost, regardless of the pronoun-antecedent match. Interestingly, this effect was only revealed in the analysis of a post-critical area of interest (the spillover effect; [ 47 ]). According to the integration account [ 48 ], an increase in reading times in the post-critical area of interest reflects the cognitive load related to the sentence-level semantic integration process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pronominal anaphora resolution in Polish: Investigating online sentence interpretation using eye-tracking

2022

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The mechanism of anaphora resolution is subject to large cross-linguistic differences. The most likely reason for this is the different sensitivity of pronouns to the range of factors that determine their reference. In the current study, we explored the mechanism of anaphora resolution in Polish. First, we explored preferences in the interpretation of null and overt pronouns in ambiguous sentences. More specifically, we investigated whether Polish speakers prefer to relate overt pronouns to subject or object antecedents. Subsequently, we tested the consequences of violating this bias when tracing the online sentence-interpretation process using eye-tracking. Our results show that Polish speakers have a strong preference for interpreting null pronouns as referring to subject antecedents and interpreting overt pronouns as referring to object antecedents. However, in online sentence interpretation, only overt pronouns showed sensitivity to a violation of the speaker’s preference for a pronoun-antecedent match. This suggests that null pronoun resolution is more flexible than overt pronoun resolution. Our results indicate that it is much easier for Polish speakers to shift the reference of a null pronoun than an overt one whenever a pronoun is forced to refer to a less-preferred antecedent. These results are supported by naturalness ratings, which showed that null pronouns are considered equally natural regardless of their reference, while overt pronouns referring to subject antecedents are rated as considerably less natural than those referring to object antecedents. To explain this effect, we propose that the interpretation of null and overt pronouns is sensitive to different factors which determine their reference.

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“…Importantly, skipping affected all conditions equally (115 = literal, 122 = figurative, and 133 = control). The skipping rate may be due to the short length of the keywords ( M = 5.63 characters), which may have led to them being processed while in parafoveal view (Conklin et al, 2018; Hyönä, 2011; Rayner, 2009), thus eliminating the need for a direct fixation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining context was identical in all three conditions. Care was taken so that a keyword 1 never occurred at a line break, avoiding fixation contamination due to the programming and execution of saccades (Conklin et al, 2018), and were of the same grammatical class (e.g., noun, verb) for each idiom in question. The sentences were of a comparable length, and keywords were placed approximately in the middle or towards the end of each sentence…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambiguity resolution in passivized idioms: Is there a shift in the most likely interpretation?

Kyriacou¹,

Conklin²,

Thompson³

2023

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

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Ambiguous but canonical idioms (kick the bucket) are processed fast in both their figurative ("die") and literal ("boot the pail") senses, although processing costs associated with meaning integration may emerge in postidiom regions. Modified versions (the bucket was kicked) are processed more slowly than canonical configurations when intended figuratively. We hypothesized that modifications delay idiom recognition and prioritize the literal meaning, yielding processing costs when the context warrants a figurative interpretation.To test this, we designed an eye-tracking study, where passivized idioms were followed by "keywords" relating to their literal (bucket-water) or figurative (dead-body) meaning, or were incongruent (time). The remaining context was identical. The findings showed a facilitation for the literal meaning: keywords and passivized idioms in the literal condition were read significantly faster in go-past and total reading time, respectively, compared to both the figurative and control conditions. However, both literal and figurative keywords were processed equally fast (and significantly faster than controls) in total reading time. In support of our hypothesis, the literal meaning of passivized idioms appears to be more highly activated and easier to integrate, although the figurative meaning receives some activation that facilitates its (full) retrieval if necessary. Public Significance StatementThis study shows that altering the form of (otherwise familiar and) ambiguous idiomatic expressions (e.g., the beans were spilled as opposed to spilled the beans) can affect their initial interpretation, with the literal meaning becoming more dominant. Idiomatic meanings are still available but require extra processing effort. The research demonstrates that the way we understand recurrent linguistic units is influenced by how often we encounter them in a particular way.

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Eye-Tracking

Cited by 163 publications

References 154 publications

The effects of age and verbal ability on word predictability in reading.

The effects of age and verbal ability on word predictability in reading.

Pronominal anaphora resolution in Polish: Investigating online sentence interpretation using eye-tracking

Ambiguity resolution in passivized idioms: Is there a shift in the most likely interpretation?

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