Eye-tracking analysis of face observing and face recognition

Iskra, Andrej; Tomc, Helena Gabrijelčič

doi:10.24867/jged-2016-1-005

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As an example, Figure 3 is a graphical representation of the average visual behavior observed when a face (i.e., model 4) was explored. We can observe the triangular geometric pattern that runs from one eye to the next and then down to the mouth and then back to the first eye ( Iskra and Gabrijelcic, 2016 ), with extents of preference in the eyes–mouth continuum ( Rogers et al, 2018 ) when tearless faces were judged and with brief fixation times and spreading points over the face. As the figure shows, the presence of tears alters the visual inspection pattern, breaking the triangle of fixations concentrating them inside the AOI, as if tears were powerful visual attention magnets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Our Gaze Reacts to Another Person’s Tears? Experimental Insights Into Eye Tracking Technology

2020

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Crying is an ubiquitous human behavior through which an emotion is expressed on the face together with visible tears and constitutes a slippery riddle for researchers. To provide an answer to the question “How our gaze reacts to another person’s tears?,” we made use of eye tracking technology to study a series of visual stimuli. By presenting an illustrative example through an experimental setting specifically designed to study the “tearing effect,” the present work aims to offer methodological insight on how to use eye-tracking technology to study non-verbal cues. A sample of 30 healthy young women with normal visual acuity performed a within-subjects task in which they evaluated images of real faces with and without tears while their eye movements were tracked. Tears were found to be a magnet for visual attention in the task of facial attribution, facilitating a greater perception of emotional intensity. Moreover, the inspection pattern changed qualitatively and quantitatively, with our participants becoming fully focused on the tears when they were visible. The mere presence of a single tear running down a cheek was associated with an increased emotional inference and greater perception of sincerity. Using normalized and validated tools (Reading the Eyes in the Mind Test and the SALAMANCA screening test for personality disorders), we measured the influence of certain characteristics of the participants on their performance of the experimental task. On the one hand, a higher level of cognitive empathy helped to classify tearful faces with higher emotional intensity and tearless faces with less emotional intensity. On the other hand, we observed that less sincerity was attributed to the tearful faces as the SALAMANCA test scores rose in clusters A (strange and extravagant) and B (immature and emotionally unstable) of our sample. The present findings highlight the advantages of using eye tracking technology to study non-verbal cues and draw attention to methodological issues that should be taken into account. Further exploration of the relationship between empathy and tear perception could be a fruitful avenue of future research using eye tracking.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Our Gaze Reacts to Another Person’s Tears? Experimental Insights Into Eye Tracking Technology

2020

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“…Quinn and Tanaka (2009) have shown that also infants 3- to 7-month-olds tend to visually explore more the higher part of the face, and to fixate for longer time a version of the face with enlarged eyes. The preference for the eye region when looking at faces was also demonstrated by Iskra and Gabrijelčič Tomc (2016) by asking adults to watch faces of different age. Considering a 4 s presentation, the eyes were observed for the 52.7% of the time, the mouth the 15.5% and the nose the 10.8%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Eye and lips in artistic profiles.

Costa¹,

Bonetti²

2022

Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts

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Distortions related to eye and lip morphometry were investigated in two studies comparing photographic versus artistic profiles. In the first study, 298 artistic profiles encompassing the whole art history were compared to 300 photographic profiles. The 2 groups were compared for shape with Procrustes analysis and for size by using 8 indexes. Estimated age was inserted as covariate. The results showed that artists exaggerated eye height and width, pupil width, lip height, and width. The triangular shape of the eye view from side perspective was modified toward a more ellipsoidal shape, depicting the eye from a three-quarter and more frontal perspective. In Study 2, 13 students from the College of the Arts–School of Art were requested to draw a profile portrait of a male or female model. The eye and lip morphometric indexes of the model were compared with those extrapolated from the drawings. The results confirmed an exaggeration of eye width and height, lip width, and pupil width in artistic profiles. Additionally, the eyes shape was “frontalized.” The exaggeration of eye and lip size and the distortion in shape are interpreted and discussed according to the theory linking supernormal stimuli to aesthetic perception.

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“…Irregular polygons around the neck (artifact from the computer generation of the masks) and the cranial stockinette that was present on the original child with craniosynostosis (used to acquire 3D photography if the child had significant hair) were pointed out as unrelated prior to the presentation. Each image was shown for 4 seconds, a previously cited duration in eye tracking literature for evaluating faces (Iskra, 2016; Dindaroglu et al, 2017). While the image was shown, the investigator wrote the participant’s stated answer on the survey sheet.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

Pressler

Geisler

Hallac

et al. 2020

The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal

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Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

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Eye-tracking analysis of face observing and face recognition

Abstract: (universities, research organizations, companies, associations, etc.) (conferences, symposia, and meetings). KEy WoRDSEye tracking, face recognition, fixation duration, face elements, area of interest, heat maps eye-tracking analysis of face observing and face recognition

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

How Our Gaze Reacts to Another Person’s Tears? Experimental Insights Into Eye Tracking Technology

How Our Gaze Reacts to Another Person’s Tears? Experimental Insights Into Eye Tracking Technology

Eye and lips in artistic profiles.

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

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