Eye tracking cognitive load using pupil diameter and microsaccades with fixed gaze

Krejtz, Krzysztof; Duchowski, Andrew T.; Niedzielska, Anna; Biele, Cezary; Krejtz, Izabela

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203629

Cited by 215 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In addition, the current work focused on high-level, global features as they are more generalizable, are robust to tracking errors, and matched the level of resolution (page and text level) of comprehension assessments. However, future studies may consider whether including locally mapped features improves prediction accuracy, alongside other more fine-grained features not used in the present study, such as pupil diameter and microsaccades, which are known to reflect processes relevant to reading comprehension such as cognitive load (Krejtz, Duchowski, Niedzielska, Biele, & Krejtz, 2018). It is also worth noting that the present study used eye trackers with relatively low sampling rates of 60-120 Hz, which renders measurement of saccade length somewhat imprecise, so replication with more advanced eye tracking is warranted.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Eye Movements Reveal About Later Comprehension of Long Connected Texts

et al. 2020

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We know that reading involves coordination between textual characteristics and visual attention, but research linking eye movements during reading and comprehension assessed after reading is surprisingly limited, especially for reading long connected texts. We tested two competing possibilities: (a) the weak association hypothesis: Links between eye movements and comprehension are weak and short-lived, versus (b) the strong association hypothesis: The two are robustly linked, even after a delay. Using a predictive modeling approach, we trained regression models to predict comprehension scores from global eye movement features, using participant-level crossvalidation to ensure that the models generalize across participants. We used data from three studies in which readers (Ns = 104, 130, 147) answered multiple-choice comprehension questions 30 min after reading a 6,500-word text, or after reading up to eight 1,000-word texts. The models generated accurate predictions of participants' text comprehension scores (correlations between observed and predicted comprehension: 0.384, 0.362, 0.372, ps < .001), in line with the strong association hypothesis. We found that making more, but shorter fixations, consistently predicted comprehension across all studies. Furthermore, models trained on one study's data could successfully predict comprehension on the others, suggesting generalizability across studies. Collectively, these findings suggest that there is a robust link between eye movements and subsequent comprehension of a long connected text, thereby connecting theories of low-level eye movements with those of higher order text processing during reading.

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Section: Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Eye Movements Reveal About Later Comprehension of Long Connected Texts

et al. 2020

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“…Changes in pupil size can also be a measure of stress experienced in reaction to presented visual materials [38]. It should be remembered, however, that this relationship is complex, since the pupil size can be also related to the load of cognitive processing [26,39,40,41], the quantity of light 1 or the colour in the sight stimuli and luminance-contrast [42,43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of interior design on wellness – Eye tracking analysis in determining emotional experience of architectural space. A survey on a group of volunteers from the Lublin Region, Eastern Poland

Tuszyńska-Bogucka¹,

Kwiatkowski²,

Chmielewska³

et al. 2020

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction and objective. Using the concepts of Ulrich's theory of supportive design and Malkin's healing environment, an eye tracking experiment was designed in order to measure respondents' reactions while looking at visualisations of various interiors, with the aim of verifying whether certain parameters of an interior are related to emotional reactions in terms of positive stimulation, and the sense of security and comfort. Materials and method. 12 boards were designed, incorporating standard features of an interior, i.e. (1) proportions, (2) lighting, (3) colour scheme of a room, as well as (4) the colours and spatial arrangement of furnishings. Respondents' reactions were recorded with an eye tracker Tobii TX300 and supplemented by self-descriptions of emotional reactions. Results. The results showed that the varying spatial and colour arrangements presented in the interior visualisations provoked different emotional responses, confirmed by pupil reaction parameters, as measured by the eye tracking device. Conclusions. Architectural space can have a diverse emotional significance and impact on an individual's emotional state. This is an important conclusion from the point of view of optimising and creating the so-called supportive and healing environment. The results have implications for the interpretation of the pupil diameter as an index of emotional reactions to different architectural space visualisations. Testing the eye tracker as a method helpful in diagnosing the emotional reactions to features of the interior is justified, and can provide an effective tool for early diagnosis of the impact of architectural space on the well-being of individuals. It can also be a good form of testing the emotional significance of architectural designs before they are implemented.

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“…Additionally, depending on the anomaly, experts employ a 138 mixture of focal and diffusive, or ambient, gaze strategies [44][45][46]; however, they are 139 more accurate at determining anomalies than novices and intermediates. 140 Beyond gaze strategies based on fixations and saccades, other forms of eye 141 movements that have been used to measure aspects of cognition during visual search 142 include their speed and direction [5], microsaccades [47], pupil diameter oscillation [48], 143 and measures related to pupil diameter itself [49]. Generally, most of these measures 144 concentrating on estimation of cognitive load have produced metrics sensitive to the 145 presence or absence of cognitive load.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pupil diameter differentiates expertise in dental radiography visual search

Castner

Appel

Eder

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Expert behavior is characterized by rapid information processing abilities, dependent on more structured schemata in long-term memory designated for their domain-specific tasks. From this understanding, expertise can effectively reduce cognitive load on a domain-specific task. However, certain tasks could still evoke different gradations of load even for an expert, e.g., when having to detect subtle anomalies in dental radiographs. Our aim was to measure pupil diameter response to anomalies of varying levels of difficulty in expert and student dentists' visual examination of panoramic radiographs. We found that students' pupil diameter dilated significantly from baseline compared to experts, but anomaly difficulty had no effect on pupillary response. In contrast, experts' pupil diameter responded to varying levels of anomaly difficulty, where more difficult anomalies evoked greater pupil dilation from baseline. Experts thus showed proportional pupillary response indicative of increasing cognitive load with increasingly difficult anomalies, whereas students showed pupillary response indicative of higher cognitive load for all anomalies when compared to experts.

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Eye tracking cognitive load using pupil diameter and microsaccades with fixed gaze

Cited by 215 publications

References 51 publications

What Eye Movements Reveal About Later Comprehension of Long Connected Texts

What Eye Movements Reveal About Later Comprehension of Long Connected Texts

The effects of interior design on wellness – Eye tracking analysis in determining emotional experience of architectural space. A survey on a group of volunteers from the Lublin Region, Eastern Poland

Pupil diameter differentiates expertise in dental radiography visual search

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