Eye-tracking control of an adjustable electric bed: construction and validation by immobile patients with multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Background In severe conditions of limited motor abilities, frequent position changes for work or passive and active rest are essential bedside activities to prevent further health complications. We aimed to develop a system using eye movements for bed positioning and to verify its functionality in a control group and a group of patients with significant motor limitation caused by multiple sclerosis. Methods The eye-tracking system utilized an innovative digital-to-analog converter module to control the positioning bed via a novel graphical user interface. We verified the ergonomics and usability of the system by performing a fixed sequence of positioning tasks, in which the leg and head support was repeatedly raised and then lowered. Fifteen women and eleven men aged 42.7 ± 15.9 years in the control group and nine women and eight men aged 60.3 ± 9.14 years in the patient group participated in the experiment. The degree of disability, according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), ranged from 7 to 9.5 points in the patients. We assessed the speed and efficiency of the bed control and the improvement during testing. In a questionnaire, we evaluated satisfaction with the system. Results The control group mastered the task in 40.2 s (median) with an interquartile interval from 34.5 to 45.5 s, and patients mastered the task in in 56.5 (median) with an interquartile interval from 46.5 to 64.9 s. The efficiency of solving the task (100% corresponds to an optimal performance) was 86.3 (81.6; 91.0) % for the control group and 72.1 (63.0; 75.2) % for the patient group. Throughout testing, the patients learned to communicate with the system, and their efficiency and task time improved. A correlation analysis showed a negative relationship (rho = − 0.587) between efficiency improvement and the degree of impairment (EDSS). In the control group, the learning was not significant. On the questionnaire survey, sixteen patients reported gaining confidence in bed control. Seven patients preferred the offered form of bed control, and in six cases, they would choose another form of interface. Conclusions The proposed system and communication through eye movements are reliable for positioning the bed in people affected by advanced multiple sclerosis. Seven of 17 patients indicated that they would choose this system for bed control and wished to extend it for another application.

Determinants of Perceived Comfort: Multi-Dimensional Thinking in Smart Bedding Design

“…Smart bedding is based on a traditional bed structure with the addition of adjustable bed boards and software control systems [11]. Product features of smart bedding include unique sensing technology, the ability to adjust the bed's posture [12,13], smart medical home carriers, high-quality carriers for real-time sleep monitoring, the ability to prevent and manage health problems, the capacity to accumulate significant quantities of data on sleep [14], and other advantageous functions in mobile health management. In the design process of smart bedding, the bed board can be flexibly adjusted through the intelligent control of the software system to adapt to the unique needs of different groups for special sleeping postures [15,16], to enhance comfort, and to help people obtain quality sleep [17].…”