Eye Tracking Dysfunction and Schizophrenia: A Critical Perspective

Levy, Deborah L.; Holzman, Philip S.; Matthysse, Steven; Mendell, Nancy R.

doi:10.1093/schbul/19.3.461

Cited by 276 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 172 publications

(609 reference statements)

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“…In the visual system, deficits have been shown to include increased visual thresholds (Cadenhead et al, 1997;Schechter et al, 2003), greater sensitivity to backward masking (Braff et al, 1991;Butler et al, 1996;Green and Nuechterlein, 1999a;Schechter et al, 2003), and decreased contrast sensitivity (Butler et al, 2005;Keri et al, 2002;Slaghuis and Curran, 1999), as well as motion perception (Chen et al, 1999;Li, 2002;Schwartz et al, 1999) and eye tracking deficits (Holzman et al, 1974;Levy et al, 1993;Trillenberg et al, 2004). Further, it has been suggested that these impairments may contribute to 'upstream' cognitive and social impairments (Brenner et al, 2002;Bruder et al, 1998;Kee et al, 1998;Ohno et al, 2000;Perry and Braff, 1994;Sergi and Green, 2003) and overall functional outcome of patients (Green et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Schechter

Butler

Zemon

et al. 2005

Clinical Neurophysiology

137

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Objective-Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate significant impairments of early visual processing, potentially implicating dysfunction of the magnocellular visual pathway. The present study evaluates transient visual evoked potential (tVEP) responses to stimuli biased toward the magnocellular (M) or parvocellular (P) systems in patients with schizophrenia vs. normal volunteers first to evaluate relative contributions of M and P systems to specific tVEP components in schizophrenia and, second, to evaluate integrity of early M and P processing in schizophrenia.Methods-Seventy-four patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were compared with 59 control subjects using separate stimuli to assess the tVEP response to M, P and mixed M/P conditions. Stimuli were biased toward M vs. P processing by manipulation of chromatic and achromatic contrast. C1, P1, N1 and P2 components were compared between patients and controls. All subjects showed 20/32 vision or better.Results-Waveforms were obtained to low contrast (M), chromatic contrast (P) and high contrast (mixed M/P) stimuli in both patients and controls. C1 was present to P and mixed M/P stimuli. Patients showed a significant reduction in amplitude and an increase in latency of the C1 component. P1 was elicited primarily by M and mixed M/P stimuli, whereas N1 was elicited primarily by P and mixed M/P stimuli. Patients showed reductions in both P1 and N1 amplitudes across conditions. However, only reductions in P1 amplitude survived covariation for between group differences in visual acuity. Further, P1 amplitude reductions in the M condition correlated with a proxy measure of global outcome.Conclusions-M-and P-selective stimuli elicit differential components of the tVEP. Patients with schizophrenia show significant reductions in response even to simple visual stimuli. Deficits, particularly within the M system, may correlate significantly with global outcome and level of community functioning.Significance-Whereas deficits in high-order cognitive processing have been extensively documented in schizophrenia, integrity of early-stage sensory processing has been studied to a lesser degree. The present findings suggest that deficits in early-stage visual processing are significantly

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Schechter

Butler

Zemon

et al. 2005

Clinical Neurophysiology

137

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“…Visual motion processing has been studied to explore the neurological underpinnings of eyetracking dysfunction in schizophrenia (Holzman et al, 1973(Holzman et al, , 1974Sweeney et al, 1992;Levy et al, 1993;Friedman et al, 1995;Stuve et al, 1997;Chen et al, 1999a,b,c). Motion processing has also been studied in normal aging (Owsley et al, 1983;Ball and Sekuler, 1986;Gilmore et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and visual motion discrimination in normal adults and schizophrenia patients

Bidwell

Holzman

Chen

2006

Psychiatry Research

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Motion perception is impaired in many neuropathological conditions, including schizophrenia. Motion perception also declines in the course of normal aging. In this study, we ask whether aging is an additive factor in the motion-discrimination deficits of schizophrenia patients. We examined motion perception in schizophrenia patients (n =44) and non-psychiatric controls (n =40) whose ages ranged from 18 to 55. The tasks included velocity discrimination and contrast detection. Thresholds for each of the two tasks were determined for each subject using psychophysical methods. Schizophrenia patients showed significantly increased thresholds (degraded performance) for velocity discrimination compared with the controls. Degraded performance in patients was not related to age. In controls, however, velocity discrimination thresholds were significantly increased beginning by age 45. Performance on a contrast-detection task, which does not require precise discrimination of motion signals, was not significantly affected by age in either group. Aging, even in its early stages, degrades motion discrimination in normal adults. Aging, however, does not adversely affect motion-discrimination deficits in schizophrenia patients through age 55. A similar motion-discrimination deficit in schizophrenia patients and aging normal adults suggests that the mechanisms underlying motion processing in schizophrenia and normal aging may be associated.

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“…Some studies have reported impaired smooth pursuit eye movements in bipolar patients (Shagass et al, 1974;Levin et al, 1981;Iacono et al, 1982;Holzman et al, 1984), whereas other studies showed no difference between affective disorder patients and controls (Holzman et al, 1974;Iacono et al, 1992;Friedman et al, 1995). Several studies found that relatives of affective disorder patients and controls did not differ in eye tracking performance (Levy et al, 1983(Levy et al, , 1993Rosenberg et al, 1997; but see Kathmann et al, 2003). Treatment with lithium carbonate has been associated with poor eye tracking in individuals with bipolar disorder (Levy et al, 1985;Holzman et al, 1991) and in relatives who themselves were being treated for bipolar disorder (Levy et al, 1983(Levy et al, , 1985, although one study failed to show this effect (Gooding et al, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

Bipolar and schizophrenic patients differ in patterns of visual motion discrimination

Chen

Levy

Sheremata

et al. 2006

Schizophrenia Research

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Background-Since Kraepelin's early distinction between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, it has been assumed that these disorders represent two different pathophysiological processes, although they share many clinical symptoms. Previous studies showed that velocity discrimination, a sensitive psychophysiological measure of the visual motion system, is deficient in schizophrenia. Here we examined whether the motion processing impairment found in schizophrenia also occurs in bipolar disorder.

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Eye Tracking Dysfunction and Schizophrenia: A Critical Perspective

Cited by 276 publications

References 172 publications

Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia

Aging and visual motion discrimination in normal adults and schizophrenia patients

Bipolar and schizophrenic patients differ in patterns of visual motion discrimination

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