Eyes wide open: Regulation of arousal by temporal expectations

Shalev, Nir; Nobre, Anna C.

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105062

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Another potential interpretation is that an elevated state of preparedness or ‘alertness’ may have accompanied temporal expectations for an early working-memory probe, whereas a lowered state of alertness may have resulted when the probe was expected late ( Shalev & Nobre, 2022 ; Weinbach & Henik, 2012 ). The differential overarching state of preparation or alertness may have effectively ‘spilled over’ to the intervening task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of predictable temporal structure in multi-task situations

et al. 2022

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of predictable temporal structure in multi-task situations

et al. 2022

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“…It has strong physiological components ( Taylor & Epstein, 1967 ), and is related to overall readiness or wakefulness ( Posner & Petersen, 1990 ; Robbins, 1997 ). Arousal levels, indexed by pupil responses, increase with temporal uncertainty, such that higher arousal levels are observed when a visual target onset is not predictable ( Shalev & Nobre, 2022 ), as well as when auditory targets are uncertain ( Friedman, Hakerem, Sutton, & Fleiss, 1973 ), and visual perception improves with high arousal ( Kim, Lokey, & Ling, 2017 ). Thus, had the arousal level mediated the temporal attention effects in our study, we would have expected a larger effect for high rather than low temporal uncertainty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temporal attention selects and prioritizes the most relevant information at specific moments, and leads to perceptual benefits in accuracy of discrimination, detection and temporal resolution, as well as response time at the attended moments ( Nobre, 2001 ; Coull, 2004 ; Nobre, Correa & Coull, 2007 ; Denison et al, 2017 , 2021 ; Nobre & van Ede, 2017 ; Fernández et al, 2019 ). Temporal expectation, or the ability to make use of the predictability of the event timings, improves visual perception ( Correa, Lupiáñez, & Tudela, 2005 ; Rolke & Hofmann, 2007 ; Rohenkohl, Cravo, Wyart, & Nobre, 2012 ; Shalev & Nobre, 2022 ). Temporal expectations reflect a hazard function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous temporal attention varies with temporal uncertainty

2023

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Temporal attention is the selection and prioritization of information at a specific moment. Exogenous temporal attention is the automatic, stimulus driven deployment of attention. The benefits and costs of exogenous temporal attention on performance have not been isolated. Previous experimental designs have precluded distinguishing the effects of attention and expectation about stimulus timing. Here, we manipulated exogenous temporal attention and the uncertainty of stimulus timing independently and investigated visual performance at the attended and unattended moments with different levels of temporal uncertainty. In each trial, two Gabor patches were presented consecutively with a variable stimulus onset. To drive exogenous attention and test performance at attended and unattended moments, a task-irrelevant, brief cue was presented 100 ms before target onset, and an independent response cue was presented at the end of the trial. Exogenous temporal attention slightly improved accuracy, and the effects varied with temporal uncertainty, suggesting a possible interaction of temporal attention and expectations in time.

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“…As PMT involves processes all along the information processing chain, from target onset to response onset, these results lend further support to formal modeling (Bausenhart et al, 2010; Rohenkohl et al, 2012; Vangkilde et al, 2012) and EEG work (Korolczuk et al, 2023) showing that temporal unpredictability can impede target identification and/or response selection. Temporal unpredictability not only affects manual responses but also oculomotor responses, including pupil dilation (Akdoǧan et al, 2016; Shalev & Nobre, 2022) and microsaccades (Abeles et al, 2020; Amit et al, 2019; Badde et al, 2020; Dankner et al, 2017). For example, using pupillometry, Shalev and Nobre (2022) demonstrated that temporal uncertainty increased arousal levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal unpredictability increases error monitoring as revealed by EEG–EMG investigation

Korolczuk,

Burle,

Coull

et al. 2023

Psychophysiology

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Reacting in an unpredictable context increases error monitoring as evidenced by greater error‐related negativity (ERN), an electrophysiological marker linked to an evaluation of response outcomes. We investigated whether ERN also increased when participants evaluated their responses to events that appeared in unpredictable versus predictable moments in time. We complemented electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis of cortical activity by measuring performance monitoring processes at the peripheral level using electromyography (EMG). Specifically, we used EMG data to quantify how temporal unpredictability would affect motor time (MT), the interval between the onset of muscle activity, and the mechanical response. MT increases following errors, indexing online error detection, and an attempt to stop incorrect actions. In our temporally cued version of the stop‐signal task, symbolic cues predicted (temporally predictable condition) or not (temporally unpredictable condition) the onset of a target. In 25% of trials, an auditory signal occurred shortly after the target presentation, informing participants that they should inhibit their response completely. Response times were slower, and fewer inhibitory errors were made during temporally unpredictable than predictable trials, indicating enhanced control of unwanted actions when target onset time was unknown. Importantly, the ERN to inhibitory errors was greater in temporally unpredictable relative to temporally predictable conditions. Similarly, EMG data revealed prolonged MT when reactions to temporally unpredictable targets had not been stopped. Taken together, our results show that a temporally unpredictable environment increases the control of unwanted actions, both at cortical and peripheral levels, suggesting a higher subjective cost of maladaptive responses to temporally uncertain events.

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Eyes wide open: Regulation of arousal by temporal expectations

Cited by 13 publications

References 66 publications

Consequences of predictable temporal structure in multi-task situations

Consequences of predictable temporal structure in multi-task situations

Exogenous temporal attention varies with temporal uncertainty

Temporal unpredictability increases error monitoring as revealed by EEG–EMG investigation

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