Fabricated Electrochemical Sensory Platform Based on the Boron Nitride Ternary Nanocomposite Film Electrode for Paraquat Detection

Abstract

Hexagonal boron nitride (BN), an effective diffusion material for mass transport, was functionalized with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and Au nanoparticles (Au NPs). Then, the working electrodes with developed nanomaterials were applied to construct an electrochemical paraquat sensor. BN was prepared using a solid-state synthesis method combined with solvent-cutting. The electrochemical properties of the BN/MoS2/Au NP-based glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were investigated using differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. An excellent response signal to paraquat was found from 0.1 to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 0.074 μM, and it had acceptable reproducibility (relative standard deviation = 2.99%, n = 5) and good anti-interference ability. The modified GCE showed superior performance owing to the synergistic effects among all three given nanomaterials. With the proposed method, paraquat in grass samples from an orchard was then investigated. The results of the electrochemical analysis agreed with those of experiments and obtained a 96.28% confidence level via high-performance liquid chromatography, exhibiting relatively high stability. Therefore, the fabricated sensor can be a candidate for the determination of paraquat.

Silver Inkjet-Printed Electrode on Paper for Electrochemical Sensing of Paraquat

“…Since paraquat is considered a non-polluting herbicide, it is often used indiscriminately, increasing its toxicological potential and the risk posed to human health. Consequently, many studies have demonstrated the detection of paraquat using different electrodes, such as modified glassy carbon electrodes [21][22][23][24][25][26], hanging mercury drop electrodes [27], and screen-printed electrodes [28,29]. These reported devices, however, suffer from high material and manufacturing costs, have poor disposability, are not suitable for portable detection, and involve complex electrode modification steps in some cases.…”

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Paraquat in Environmental Water Samples Using a Vertically Ordered Mesoporous Silica Film and a Nanocarbon Composite

“…Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridine dichloride, PQ) is a kind of herbicide that has been widely used in a variety of applications, such as broad weed control and desiccants on crops [ 1 , 2 ]. Paraquat, also known as methyl viologen, is one of the active components of dipyridine compounds [ 3 ], which are easily reduced to stable free radicals and cause severe toxicity to humans and animals [ 4 ]. It has been proven that PQ may cause serious damage to the lungs, liver, kidney and heart, and also lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Fluorescent and Colorimetric Ionic Probe Based on Fluorescein for the Rapid and On-Site Detection of Paraquat in Vegetables and the Environment

“…7,8 At present, there are many methods to detect pesticides, such as gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, 9,10 liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry, 10,11 surface-enhanced Roman spectroscopy, 12,13 and electrochemical methods. 14,15 Although these methods are sensitive and accurate, they require expensive instruments, complex pretreatment, or highly trained technicians, making them unsuitable for low-cost and on-site analysis. Thus, it is essential to develop a rapid, simple, and portable analysis method for real-time and on-site monitoring of PQ.…”

“…For example, the maximum dose of PQ is approximately 0.05 mg/kg in leafy vegetables and 0.01 mg/kg in pulp fruit (GB 2763-2021). Besides, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limit of PQ residues is 200 μg/L (7.8 × 10 –7 M) in drinking water. , At present, there are many methods to detect pesticides, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, , liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, , surface-enhanced Roman spectroscopy, , and electrochemical methods. , Although these methods are sensitive and accurate, they require expensive instruments, complex pretreatment, or highly trained technicians, making them unsuitable for low-cost and on-site analysis. Thus, it is essential to develop a rapid, simple, and portable analysis method for real-time and on-site monitoring of PQ.…”